Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand.
Vet Res Commun. 2023 Dec;47(4):1861-1878. doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10135-9. Epub 2023 May 9.
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of age, breed, and sex of broilers, as well as a probiotic or phytobiotic product on mucosal morphology, bacterial metabolites, and immune traits in the ileum of broilers. A total of 2,880 one-day-old male and female broiler chicks from two breeds (Ross308® and Cobb500®) were randomly assigned to 72 pens. Broilers were offered a wheat-soybean diet without (CO), or with either a probiotic (PO; 2.4 × 10 CFU/kg of Bacillus subtilis DSM32324 and DSM32325 and B. amyloliquefaciens DSM25840) or a phytobiotic (PY; grape extract, 165 ppm procyanidin and 585 ppm polyphenols of the diet) product. The trial was conducted with a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diet, breed, and sex in a completely randomized design (6 replicate-pens per treatment). At day 7, 21, and 35, one chicken per pen was slaughtered for collecting ileal tissue to evaluate of histomorphology and mRNA expression, as well as ileal digesta to measure bacterial metabolites. Data were subjected to ANOVA (the main factors; age, diet, breed, and sex) and Four-Way ANOVA (interactions) using GLM procedure. Overall, the concentration of acetate and total short chain fatty acids reached the peak and lactate decreased to its lowest on day 21, but their concentrations at day 7 and 35 were similar (p > 0.05). Spermine, spermidine, and ammonia decreased after day 7, while putrescine and cadaverine increased after day 21 (p < 0.05). mRNA expression of cytokines, mucin 2 (MUC2) and claudin 5 (CLDN5) was similar; increased from day 7 to 21 and decreased afterward (p < 0.05). Villus height, crypt depth and villus surface area increased with age (p < 0.05). Acidic goblet cells (GC) number and density increased after day 21 (p < 0.05). Ross broilers showed higher D-lactate concentration and IFN-γ expression, while Cobb broilers had greater IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α expression and higher total GC number (p < 0.05). Female displayed higher villus height and GC number and density (mixed and total GC) than male (p < 0.05). The effect of dietary treatment was not found on any investigated variables (p > 0.05). In conclusion, aging of broilers affected ileal histomorphology, cytokine expression, and barrier integrity, as well as bacterial activity. These observed impacts could be attributed to host-microbiota interaction and the direct effects of bacterial metabolites on intestinal cells and immune system.
本研究旨在探讨肉鸡的年龄、品种和性别，以及益生菌或植物提取物对肉鸡回肠黏膜形态、细菌代谢产物和免疫特性的影响。共有 2880 只 1 日龄雄性和雌性肉鸡来自两个品种（罗斯 308 和科布 500），随机分配到 72 个栏中。肉鸡提供无（CO）或含有益生菌（PO；2.4×10 CFU/kg枯草芽孢杆菌 DSM32324 和 DSM32325 以及解淀粉芽孢杆菌 DSM25840）或植物提取物（PY；葡萄提取物，饮食中 165 ppm 原花青素和 585 ppm 多酚）产品的小麦-大豆饮食。试验采用完全随机设计（每个处理 6 个重复栏），进行了 3×2×2 因素的饮食、品种和性别安排。在第 7、21 和 35 天，每栏取一只鸡进行屠宰，收集回肠组织评估组织形态学和 mRNA 表达，以及回肠内容物以测量细菌代谢产物。数据采用 GLM 程序进行方差分析（主要因素；年龄、饮食、品种和性别）和四因素方差分析（相互作用）。总体而言，乙酸和总短链脂肪酸的浓度在第 21 天达到峰值，乳酸降至最低，但第 7 天和第 35 天的浓度相似（p＞0.05）。精胺、亚精胺和氨在第 7 天后减少，而腐胺和尸胺在第 21 天后增加（p＜0.05）。细胞因子、黏蛋白 2（MUC2）和闭合蛋白 5（CLDN5）的 mRNA 表达相似；从第 7 天到第 21 天增加，然后减少（p＜0.05）。绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛表面积随年龄增加（p＜0.05）。酸性杯状细胞（GC）数量和密度在第 21 天后增加（p＜0.05）。罗斯肉鸡显示出更高的 D-乳酸浓度和 IFN-γ 表达，而科布肉鸡显示出更高的 IL-4、IL-6 和 TNF-α 表达和更高的总 GC 数量（p＜0.05）。雌性的绒毛高度、GC 数量和密度（混合和总 GC）高于雄性（p＜0.05）。饮食处理对任何研究变量均无影响（p＞0.05）。综上所述，肉鸡的老化影响回肠组织形态、细胞因子表达和屏障完整性以及细菌活性。这些观察到的影响可能归因于宿主-微生物群相互作用以及细菌代谢产物对肠道细胞和免疫系统的直接影响。
