Hochschule Fresenius gem. Trägergesellschaft mbH, Limburger Str. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany.
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Aug 15;886:163921. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163921. Epub 2023 May 8.
Persistent and mobile (PM) substances are able to spread quickly in the water cycle and were thus identified as potentially problematic for the environment and water quality. If also toxic (PMT) or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) their regulation under REACH as substances of very high concern is foreseen. Yet, knowledge on the effectiveness of advanced wastewater treatment in removing PM-substances from WWTP effluents is limited to few rather well-known chemicals. The occurrence and behavior of 111 suspected and known PM-substances was investigated in two wastewater treatment plants employing either powdered activated carbon (PAC, full-scale) or ozonation with subsequent sand/anthracite filtration (pilot-scale) and an additional granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was investigated. 72 of the 111 PM-substances analyzed were detected at least once in the secondary effluent of either wastewater treatment plant, resulting in total concentrations of 104 μg/L and 40 μg/L, respectively. While PAC removed 32 % of PM-substances well, the total PM burden in the effluent was only reduced from 103 μg/L to 87 μg/L. Ozonation and the subsequent sand/anthracite filtration was able to reduce the PM burden in wastewater from 40 μg/L to 19 μg/L, showing a higher removal efficacy than PAC in this study. The additional GAC filtration further reduced the total PM-concentration to 13 μg/L. Among the investigated PM-chemicals detected were constituents of ionic liquids: The anion hexafluorophosphate was one of few chemicals that was detected in effluent concentrations >1 μg/L and could not be removed by the processes studied, showing that for some chemicals preventive actions may be required.
持久性和移动性（PM）物质能够在水循环中迅速扩散，因此被认为对环境和水质具有潜在问题。如果它们具有毒性（PMT）或非常持久且非常移动（vPvM），则预计将根据 REACH 将其作为高度关注的物质进行监管。然而，关于高级废水处理从 WWTP 废水中去除 PM 物质的有效性的知识仅限于少数几种众所周知的化学物质。在两个采用粉末活性炭（PAC，全规模）或臭氧氧化随后砂/无烟煤过滤（中试规模）的污水处理厂中，调查了 111 种可疑和已知 PM 物质的出现和行为，并研究了另外的颗粒活性炭（GAC）过滤。在所研究的 111 种 PM 物质中，有 72 种至少在两个污水处理厂的二级出水中检测到一次，导致总浓度分别为 104μg/L 和 40μg/L。虽然 PAC 很好地去除了 32%的 PM 物质，但废水中的总 PM 负担仅从 103μg/L 降低到 87μg/L。臭氧氧化和随后的砂/无烟煤过滤能够将废水中的 PM 负担从 40μg/L 降低到 19μg/L，在本研究中显示出比 PAC 更高的去除效果。额外的 GAC 过滤进一步将总 PM 浓度降低至 13μg/L。在所检测到的 PM 化学物质中，有离子液体的组成部分：六氟磷酸盐阴离子是少数几种在出水中浓度>1μg/L 且无法被研究过程去除的化学物质之一，表明对于某些化学物质可能需要采取预防措施。
