Kumar Ashish, Verma Vinita, Dubey Vimal Kumar, Srivastava Alok, Garg Sanjay Kumar, Singh Vijay Pal, Arora Pankaj Kumar
Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India.
College of Agriculture Sciences, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Front Microbiol. 2023 Apr 28;14:1142536. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1142536. eCollection 2023.
Fungal lipases (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases EC 3.1.1.3) are significant industrial enzymes and have several applications in a number of industries and fields. Fungal lipases are found in several species of fungi and yeast. These enzymes are carboxylic acid esterases, categorized under the serine hydrolase family, and do not require any cofactor during the catalyzing of the reactions. It was also noticed that processes including the extraction and purification of lipases from fungi are comparatively easier and cheaper than other sources of lipases. In addition, fungal lipases have been classified into three chief classes, namely, GX, GGGX, and Y. Fungal lipases have applications not only in the hydrolysis of fats and oils (triglycerides) but are also involved in synthetic reactions such as esterification, acidolysis, alcoholysis, interesterification, and aminolysis. The production and activity of fungal lipases are highly affected by the carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH, metal ions, surfactants, and moisture content. Therefore, fungal lipases have several industrial and biotechnological applications in many fields such as biodiesel production, ester synthesis, production of biodegradable biopolymers, formulations of cosmetics and personal care products, detergent manufacturing, degreasing of leather, pulp and paper production, textile industry, biosensor development, and drug formulations and as a diagnostic tool in the medical sector, biodegradation of esters, and bioremediation of wastewater. The immobilization of fungal lipases onto different carriers also helps in improving the catalytic activities and efficiencies of lipases by increasing thermal and ionic stability (in organic solvents, high pH, and temperature), being easy to recycle, and inducing the volume-specific loading of the enzyme onto the support, and thus, these features have proved to be appropriate for use as biocatalysts in different sectors.
真菌脂肪酶（三酰基甘油酰基水解酶，EC 3.1.1.3）是重要的工业酶，在许多行业和领域有多种应用。真菌脂肪酶存在于多种真菌和酵母中。这些酶属于羧酸酯酶，归类于丝氨酸水解酶家族，在催化反应过程中不需要任何辅因子。还注意到，从真菌中提取和纯化脂肪酶的过程比从其他脂肪酶来源相对更容易且成本更低。此外，真菌脂肪酶已被分为三大类，即GX、GGGX和Y。真菌脂肪酶不仅应用于油脂（甘油三酯）的水解，还参与酯化、酸解、醇解、酯交换和氨解等合成反应。真菌脂肪酶的产生和活性受到碳源、氮源、温度、pH值、金属离子、表面活性剂和水分含量的高度影响。因此，真菌脂肪酶在生物柴油生产、酯合成、可生物降解生物聚合物的生产、化妆品和个人护理产品配方、洗涤剂制造、皮革脱脂、纸浆和造纸生产、纺织工业、生物传感器开发、药物配方以及作为医疗领域的诊断工具、酯的生物降解和废水生物修复等许多领域有多种工业和生物技术应用。将真菌脂肪酶固定在不同载体上还有助于通过提高热稳定性和离子稳定性（在有机溶剂、高pH值和温度下）、易于回收以及诱导酶在载体上的体积比负载来提高脂肪酶的催化活性和效率，因此，这些特性已被证明适用于不同领域作为生物催化剂。
