Oliveira Stephanie Wutke, Cardoso-Sousa Leia, Georjutti Renata Pereira, Shimizu Jacqueline Farinha, Silva Suely, Caixeta Douglas Carvalho, Guevara-Vega Marco, Cunha Thúlio Marquez, Carneiro Murillo Guimarães, Goulart Luiz Ricardo, Jardim Ana Carolina Gomes, Sabino-Silva Robinson
Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil.
College of Dentistry, University Center of Triangle (UNITRI), Uberlandia 38411-869, Brazil.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 Apr 17;13(8):1443. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13081443.
Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnosis is currently performed through an invasive, painful, and costly procedure using molecular biology. Consequently, the search for a non-invasive, more cost-effective, reagent-free, and sustainable method for ZIKV diagnosis is of great relevance. It is critical to prepare a global strategy for the next ZIKV outbreak given its devastating consequences, particularly in pregnant women. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to discriminate systemic diseases using saliva; however, the salivary diagnostic application in viral diseases is unknown. To test this hypothesis, we intradermally challenged interferon-gamma gene knockout C57/BL6 mice with ZIKV (50 µL,105 FFU, = 7) or vehicle (50 µL, = 8). Saliva samples were collected on day three (due to the peak of viremia) and the spleen was also harvested. Changes in the salivary spectral profile were analyzed by Student's test ( < 0.05), multivariate analysis, and the diagnostic capacity by ROC curve. ZIKV infection was confirmed by real-time PCR of the spleen sample. The infrared spectroscopy coupled with univariate analysis suggested the vibrational mode at 1547 cm as a potential candidate to discriminate ZIKV and control salivary samples. Three PCs explained 93.2% of the cumulative variance in PCA analysis and the spectrochemical analysis with LDA achieved an accuracy of 93.3%, with a specificity of 87.5% and sensitivity of 100%. The LDA-SVM analysis showed 100% discrimination between both classes. Our results suggest that ATR-FTIR applied to saliva might have high accuracy in ZIKV diagnosis with potential as a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic tool.
寨卡病毒（ZIKV）的诊断目前是通过采用分子生物学的侵入性、痛苦且昂贵的程序来进行的。因此，寻找一种用于寨卡病毒诊断的非侵入性、更具成本效益、无需试剂且可持续的方法具有重大意义。鉴于寨卡病毒爆发带来的毁灭性后果，尤其是对孕妇而言，为下一次寨卡病毒爆发制定全球战略至关重要。衰减全反射 - 傅里叶变换红外（ATR - FTIR）光谱已被用于通过唾液鉴别全身性疾病；然而，其在病毒性疾病中的唾液诊断应用尚不清楚。为了验证这一假设，我们对干扰素 - γ基因敲除的C57/BL6小鼠进行皮内注射寨卡病毒（50微升，10⁵ FFU，n = 7）或赋形剂（50微升，n = 8）。在第三天（由于病毒血症高峰）收集唾液样本，同时也采集脾脏。通过学生t检验（p < 0.05）、多变量分析以及ROC曲线分析唾液光谱特征的变化。通过脾脏样本的实时PCR确认寨卡病毒感染。红外光谱结合单变量分析表明，1547厘米处的振动模式是鉴别寨卡病毒和对照唾液样本的潜在候选指标。在主成分分析中，三个主成分解释了累积方差的93.2%，线性判别分析的光谱化学分析达到了93.3%的准确率，特异性为87.5%，灵敏度为100%。线性判别分析 - 支持向量机分析显示两类之间的判别率为100%。我们的结果表明，应用于唾液的ATR - FTIR在寨卡病毒诊断中可能具有较高的准确性，有潜力成为一种非侵入性且具成本效益的诊断工具。
