Nilles Christelle, Martino Davide, Fletcher Julian, Pringsheim Tamara
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada.
Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada.
Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2023 Mar 1;10(5):764-773. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13703. eCollection 2023 May.
The first systematic description of tics in a large sample was in 1978.
To assess the phenomenology of tics in youth and investigate how age and sex influence tic phenomenology.
Children and adolescents with primary tic disorders have been prospectively included in our Registry in Calgary, Canada, since 2017. We examined tic frequency and distribution using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, differences between sexes, and changes in tic severity with age and with mental health comorbidities.
A total of 203 children and adolescents with primary tic disorders were included (76.4% males; mean age = 10.7 years, 95% CI = 10.3-11.1). At first assessment, the most common simple motor tics were eye blinking (57%), head jerks/movements (51%), eye movements (48%) and mouth movements (46%); 86% had at least one simple facial tic. The most frequent complex motor tics were tic-related compulsive behaviors (19%). Throat clearing was the most common simple phonic tic (42%); 5% only had coprolalia. Females had higher frequency and intensity of motor tics than males ( = 0.032 and = 0.006, respectively), associated with greater tic-related impairment ( = 0.045). Age was positively correlated with the Total Tic Severity Score (coefficient 0.54, = 0.005), along with the number, frequency and intensity of motor tics but not with their complexity. Psychiatric comorbidities were associated with greater tic severity.
Our study suggests that age and sex affect clinical presentation in youth with tics. The phenomenology of tics in our sample was similar to the 1978 description of tics, and contrasts with functional tic-like behaviors.
1978年首次对大量样本中的抽动进行了系统描述。
评估青少年抽动的现象学，并研究年龄和性别如何影响抽动现象学。
自2017年以来，患有原发性抽动障碍的儿童和青少年被前瞻性纳入加拿大卡尔加里的我们的登记处。我们使用耶鲁全球抽动严重程度量表检查抽动频率和分布、性别差异以及抽动严重程度随年龄和心理健康合并症的变化。
共纳入203名患有原发性抽动障碍的儿童和青少年（男性占76.4%；平均年龄=10.7岁，95%置信区间=10.3-11.1）。在首次评估时，最常见的简单运动性抽动是眨眼（57%）、头部抽搐/运动（51%）、眼球运动（48%）和口部运动（46%）；86%的人至少有一种简单的面部抽动。最常见的复杂运动性抽动是与抽动相关的强迫行为（19%）。清嗓是最常见的简单发声性抽动（42%）；5%的人仅有秽语症。女性的运动性抽动频率和强度高于男性（分别为=0.032和=0.006），与更大的抽动相关损害有关（=0.045）。年龄与抽动严重程度总分呈正相关（系数0.54，=0.005），与运动性抽动的数量、频率和强度相关，但与抽动的复杂性无关。精神疾病合并症与更高的抽动严重程度相关。
我们的研究表明年龄和性别会影响青少年抽动的临床表现。我们样本中抽动的现象学与1978年对抽动的描述相似，与功能性抽动样行为形成对比。
