Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, USA.
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, USA.
Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2023 Aug;22:36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.04.003. Epub 2023 May 10.
Reports of anthelmintic resistance in Ancylostoma caninum are increasing in frequency in the United States of America (USA). In the last few years in vitro and in vivo studies characterized individual isolates, demonstrating multiple anthelmintic drug resistance (MADR). In 2021, the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists initiated a hookworm task force to address this issue. The first report of drug resistant A. caninum occurred in 1987 in Australian racing Greyhounds. In the last five years multiple case reports and investigations show drug resistant A. caninum is becoming a much greater problem in the USA and now extends beyond racing Greyhounds into the general companion animal dog population. The literature, regarding drug resistance in livestock and equine nematodes, provides helpful guidance along with diagnostic methods to better understand the evolution and selection of canine MADR hookworms; however, there are limitations and caveats due to A. caninum's unique biology and zoonotic potential. Mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelminthic drugs to humans to reduce morbidity associated with human hookworms (Necator americanus) should consider the factors that contributed to the development of MADR A. caninum. Finally, as Greyhound racing undergoes termination in some regions and the retired dogs undergo subsequent rehoming, drug resistant parasites, if present, are carried with them. Drug resistant A. caninum requires greater recognition by the veterinary community, and small animal practitioners need to be aware of the spread into current pet dog populations. The current understanding of anthelmintic resistance, available treatments, and environmental mitigation for these drug resistant A. caninum isolates must be monitored for horizontal spread. A major goal in this emerging problem is to prevent continued dissemination.
在美国，犬弓首蛔虫驱虫药耐药性的报告越来越频繁。在过去的几年中，体外和体内研究对个别分离株进行了特征描述，证明了多种驱虫药耐药性（MADR）。2021 年，美国兽医寄生虫学家协会成立了钩虫特别工作组来解决这个问题。首次报道犬弓首蛔虫耐药性发生于 1987 年的澳大利亚赛狗。在过去的五年中，多项病例报告和调查表明，耐药性犬弓首蛔虫在美国已成为一个更大的问题，现在已超出赛狗范围，扩展到普通宠物犬群体。关于家畜和马属动物线虫的耐药性文献为更好地理解犬 MADR 钩虫的进化和选择提供了有益的指导以及诊断方法；然而，由于犬弓首蛔虫独特的生物学和人畜共患潜力，存在一定的局限性和注意事项。为了降低与人类钩虫（美洲板口线虫）相关的发病率，对人类进行驱虫药大规模药物管理（MDA）应考虑导致 MADR 犬弓首蛔虫产生的因素。最后，随着一些地区的赛狗业终止，退役的狗随后被重新安置，如果存在耐药寄生虫，它们也会被携带。兽医界需要更加重视耐药性犬弓首蛔虫，小动物从业者需要意识到其已传播到当前的宠物犬群体中。必须监测这些耐药性犬弓首蛔虫分离株的驱虫药耐药性的当前认识、可用治疗方法和环境缓解措施，以防止其横向传播。在这个新出现的问题中，一个主要目标是防止其持续传播。
