Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico.
Infectology and Immunology Department, National Institute of Perinatology (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2023 Jul 15;572:111956. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111956. Epub 2023 May 24.
During pregnancy, the maternal body undergoes a considerable transformation regarding the anatomy, metabolism, and immune profile that, after delivery, allows for protection and nourishment of the offspring via lactation. Pregnancy hormones are responsible for the development and functionality of the mammary gland for breast milk production, but little is known about how hormones control its immune properties. Breast milk composition is highly dynamic, adapting to the nutritional and immunological needs that the infant requires in the first months of life and is responsible for the main immune modeling of breastfed newborns. Therefore, alterations in the mechanisms that control the endocrinology of mammary gland adaptation for lactation could disturb the properties of breast milk that prepare the neonatal immune system to respond to the first immunologic challenges. In modern life, humans are chronically exposed to endocrine disruptors (EDs), which alter the endocrine physiology of mammals, affecting the composition of breast milk and hence the neonatal immune response. In this review, we provide a landscape of the possible role of hormones in the control of passive immunity transferred by breast milk and the possible effect of maternal exposure to EDs on lactation, as well as their impacts on the development of neonatal immunity.
在怀孕期间，母体的解剖结构、新陈代谢和免疫特征发生了巨大变化，分娩后，母体通过哺乳来为后代提供保护和营养。妊娠激素负责乳腺的发育和功能，以产生母乳，但对于激素如何控制其免疫特性，人们知之甚少。母乳成分具有高度动态性，可适应婴儿在生命最初几个月所需的营养和免疫需求，并负责母乳喂养新生儿的主要免疫塑造。因此，控制乳腺适应泌乳的内分泌学机制的改变可能会扰乱母乳的特性，从而使新生儿的免疫系统为应对最初的免疫挑战做好准备。在现代生活中，人类长期暴露于内分泌干扰物（EDs）中，这些物质会改变哺乳动物的内分泌生理学，影响母乳的成分，从而影响新生儿的免疫反应。在这篇综述中，我们提供了激素在控制母乳传递的被动免疫以及母体暴露于 EDs 对泌乳的可能影响及其对新生儿免疫发育的影响的概述。
