Sinagra Letizia, Orlandi Riccardo, Caspanello Tiziana, Troisi Alessandro, Iannelli Nicola Maria, Vallesi Emanuela, Pettina Giorgia, Bargellini Paolo, De Majo Massimo, Boiti Cristiano, Cristarella Santo, Quartuccio Marco, Polisca Angela
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy.
Anicura Tyrus Clinica Veterinaria, Via Bartocci 1G, 05100 Terni, Italy.
Animals (Basel). 2023 May 11;13(10):1615. doi: 10.3390/ani13101615.
The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been widely reported for reproductive imaging in humans and animals. This review aims to analyze the utility of CEUS in characterizing canine reproductive physiology and pathologies. In September 2022, a search for articles about CEUS in canine testicles, prostate, uterus, placenta, and mammary glands was conducted on PubMed and Scopus from 1990 to 2022, showing 36 total results. CEUS differentiated testicular abnormalities and neoplastic lesions, but it could not characterize tumors. In prostatic diseases, CEUS in dogs was widely studied in animal models for prostatic cancer treatment. In veterinary medicine, this diagnostic tool could distinguish prostatic adenocarcinomas. In ovaries, CEUS differentiated the follicular phases. In CEH-pyometra syndrome, it showed a different enhancement between endometrium and cysts, and highlighted angiogenesis. CEUS was shown to be safe in pregnant dogs and was able to assess normal and abnormal fetal-maternal blood flow and placental dysfunction. In normal mammary glands, CEUS showed vascularization only in diestrus, with differences between mammary glands. CEUS was not specific for neoplastic versus non-neoplastic masses and for benign tumors, except for complex carcinomas and neoplastic vascularization. Works on CEUS showed its usefulness in a wide spectrum of pathologies of this non-invasive, reliable diagnostic procedure.
超声造影（CEUS）在人类和动物生殖成像中的应用已有广泛报道。本综述旨在分析CEUS在表征犬类生殖生理和病理方面的效用。2022年9月，在PubMed和Scopus上对1990年至2022年期间关于犬类睾丸、前列腺、子宫、胎盘和乳腺的CEUS文章进行检索，共显示36条结果。CEUS可区分睾丸异常和肿瘤性病变，但无法对肿瘤进行特征描述。在前列腺疾病方面，犬类的CEUS在前列腺癌治疗的动物模型中得到了广泛研究。在兽医学中，这种诊断工具可区分前列腺腺癌。在卵巢中，CEUS可区分卵泡期。在CEH-子宫积脓综合征中，它显示出子宫内膜和囊肿之间不同的增强，并突出了血管生成。CEUS在怀孕犬中被证明是安全的，并且能够评估正常和异常的胎儿-母体血流以及胎盘功能障碍。在正常乳腺中，CEUS仅在发情后期显示血管化，不同乳腺之间存在差异。CEUS对于肿瘤性与非肿瘤性肿块以及良性肿瘤并不具有特异性，除了复杂癌和肿瘤性血管生成。关于CEUS的研究表明，这种非侵入性、可靠的诊断程序在广泛的病理学中具有实用性。
