State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy and School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
Pharmacol Res. 2023 Jul;193:106807. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106807. Epub 2023 May 25.
Metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and obesity, have become a major public health problem worldwide. In recent years, most research on the role of gut microbes in metabolic diseases has focused on bacteria, whereas fungal microbes have been neglected. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of gut fungal alterations in T2DM, obesity, and NAFLD, and to discuss the mechanisms associated with disease development. In addition, several novel strategies targeting gut mycobiome and/or their metabolites to improve T2DM, obesity and NAFLD, including fungal probiotics, antifungal drugs, dietary intervention, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are critically discussed. The accumulated evidence suggests that gut mycobiome plays an important role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. The possible mechanisms by which the gut mycobiome affects metabolic diseases include fungal-induced immune responses, fungal-bacterial interactions, and fungal-derived metabolites. Candida albicans, Aspergillus and Meyerozyma may be potential pathogens of metabolic diseases because they can activate the immune system and/or produce harmful metabolites. Moreover, Saccharomyces boulardii, S. cerevisiae, Alternaria, and Cochliobolus fungi may have the potential to improve metabolic diseases. The information may provide an important reference for the development of new therapeutics for metabolic diseases based on gut mycobiome.
代谢性疾病，如 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）、非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）和肥胖症，已成为全球主要的公共卫生问题。近年来，大多数关于肠道微生物在代谢性疾病中作用的研究都集中在细菌上，而真菌微生物则被忽视了。本综述旨在全面概述 T2DM、肥胖症和 NAFLD 中的肠道真菌改变，并讨论与疾病发展相关的机制。此外，还讨论了几种针对肠道真菌组及其代谢物的新型策略，以改善 T2DM、肥胖症和 NAFLD，包括真菌益生菌、抗真菌药物、饮食干预和粪便微生物移植。积累的证据表明，肠道真菌组在代谢性疾病的发生和发展中起着重要作用。肠道真菌组影响代谢性疾病的可能机制包括真菌诱导的免疫反应、真菌-细菌相互作用和真菌衍生的代谢物。白色念珠菌、曲霉属和梅耶罗氏酵母可能是代谢性疾病的潜在病原体，因为它们可以激活免疫系统和/或产生有害代谢物。此外，布拉氏酵母菌、酿酒酵母、链格孢菌和旋孢腔菌可能具有改善代谢性疾病的潜力。这些信息可能为基于肠道真菌组开发代谢性疾病的新疗法提供重要参考。
