Pragmatic overview on acute bacterial and fungal infections of the central nervous system: a holistic update from diagnosis to treatment.

Although progress has led to a drop in infections, meningitis still represents a threat worldwide, affecting some areas more than others. As a medical emergency, it requires prompt recognition and treatment. Moreover, diagnosis relies on invasive methods, while representing a tug-of-war with timely therapeutic interventions, since delays are burdened by mortality and life-long sequalae. While counterbalancing the overuse of antimicrobials, it is imperative to assess correct interventions in order to optimize treatments and reduce negative outcomes. Because the drop in mortality and consequences has been consistent, although not as impactful as with other vaccine-preventable diseases, the WHO has traced a roadmap detailing actions to reduce the meningitis burden by 2030. There are currently no updated guidelines, whereas novel diagnostic methods as well as pharmacological interventions are increasing, along with the shifting epidemiology. In light of the above, this paper wishes to summarize existing data and evidences and suggest potential novel solutions to a complex problem.