On Surgical Planning of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy with Patient-Specific CTRs.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is considered a first-choice minimally invasive procedure for treating kidney stones larger than 2 cm. It yields higher stone-free rates than other minimally invasive techniques and is employed when extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or uteroscopy are, for instance, infeasible. Using this technique, surgeons create a tract through which a scope is inserted for gaining access to the stones. Traditional PCNL tools, however, present limited maneuverability, may require multiple punctures and often lead to excessive torquing of the instruments which can damage the kidney parenchyma and thus increase the risk of hemorrhage. We approach this problem by proposing a nested optimization-driven scheme for determining a single tract surgical plan along which a patient-specific concentric-tube robot (CTR) is deployed so as to enhance manipulability along the most dominant directions of the stone presentations. The approach is illustrated with seven sets of clinical data from patients who underwent PCNL. The simulated results may set the stage for achieving higher stone-free rates through single tract PCNL interventions while decreasing blood loss.