Verovšek Taja, Janža Mitja, Heath David, Šuštarič Ariana, Prosen Helena, Heath Ester
Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Geological Survey of, Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000 Ljubljana.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Sep 20;892:164364. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164364. Epub 2023 May 29.
This study investigated the occurrence and potential sources of residues of drugs of abuse in an urban aquifer beneath the City of Ljubljana using water analysis and a solute transport model designed to predict nitrogen distribution. Samples were collected from three sources: 28 wastewater samples (24-h composites), 4 aquifer-recharging river samples (grab), and 22 groundwater samples. The samples were analysed for residues of commonly (ab)used licit drugs (nicotine and alcohol), medications of abuse (morphine, methadone, codeine, and ketamine), and illicit drugs (tetrahydrocannabinol - THC, cocaine, amphetamines, and heroin) using liquid-liquid (alcohol residue) and solid-phase extraction, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, we used solute transport modelling to predict the spatial distribution of drug residues in the aquifer and their potential sources. Nicotine (up to 45,7 ng/L), cotinine (up to 5.86 ng/L), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (up to 0.528 ng/L) and benzoylecgonine (up to 0.572 ng/L) were the most commonly detected drug residues in groundwater, followed by cocaine (<LOQ). In comparison, methadone (0.054 ng/L) was detected only once. A higher prevalence of residues of drugs of abuse was observed in samples obtained at the south-eastern edge of the aquifer, downgradient from the main zone of urbanisation, agreeing with model predictions. Although drug residues were detected in river water, modelling suggests that the city's leaky sewer system is the primary source of drug residues.
本研究利用水质分析和一个旨在预测氮分布的溶质运移模型，调查了卢布尔雅那市下方城市含水层中药物滥用残留的发生情况及其潜在来源。样本采集自三个来源：28个废水样本（24小时混合样）、4个含水层补给河流样本（瞬时样）和22个地下水样本。使用液 - 液萃取（酒精残留）和固相萃取，随后进行液相色谱 - 串联质谱分析（LC - MS/MS），对样本中的常用合法药物（尼古丁和酒精）、滥用药物（吗啡、美沙酮、可待因和氯胺酮）以及非法药物（四氢大麻酚 - THC、可卡因、苯丙胺和海洛因）残留进行分析。此外，我们使用溶质运移模型来预测含水层中药物残留的空间分布及其潜在来源。尼古丁（最高达45.7 ng/L）、可替宁（最高达5.86 ng/L）、反式3'-羟基可替宁（最高达0.528 ng/L）和苯甲酰芽子碱（最高达0.572 ng/L）是地下水中最常检测到的药物残留，其次是可卡因（<检测限）。相比之下，美沙酮（0.054 ng/L）仅被检测到一次。在含水层东南边缘采集的样本中，观察到药物滥用残留的发生率较高，该区域位于城市化主要区域的下游，与模型预测结果一致。尽管在河水中检测到了药物残留，但模型表明城市的渗漏下水道系统是药物残留的主要来源。
