Campos Diana, Morgado Rui G, Silva Ana Rita R, Machado Ana L, Grabicová Kateřina, Žlábek Vladimír, Loureiro Susana, Soares Amadeu M V M, Pestana João L T
CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Sep 20;892:164594. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164594. Epub 2023 Jun 2.
Personal care products have various organic ultraviolet filters (UV filters) in their composition to increase protection against ultraviolet radiation. Some of these products also contain insect repellents in their formulations. Consequently, these compounds reach freshwater ecosystems, exposing aquatic organisms to a cocktail of anthropogenic contaminants. In this study, the joint effects of two most frequently detected UV filters (Benzophenone - 3 (BP3) and Enzacamene (4-MBC)) and joint effects of BP3 combined with an insect repellent (N, N diethyl-3-methylbenzamide - DEET) were evaluated using life-history traits of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius such as emergence rate, time to emergence and imagoes body weight. The results showed synergistic effects between BP3 and 4-MBC for C. riparius emergence rate. Regarding the effects of BP3 and DEET mixture, our analysis suggests synergism in the case of males but antagonism in the case of females' time to emergence. Our results imply that the effects of UV filters present in sediments within chemical mixtures are complex and that the evaluation of effects using different life-history traits can yield different patterns of responses. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing the combined effects of pollutants used/found concomitantly in aquatic systems for a more accurate risk assessment, as individual chemical testing can underestimate the toxicity of organic UV filters.
个人护理产品在其成分中含有多种有机紫外线过滤剂（UV过滤剂），以增强对紫外线辐射的防护。其中一些产品在配方中还含有驱虫剂。因此，这些化合物进入淡水生态系统，使水生生物暴露于多种人为污染物的混合体中。在本研究中，使用水生摇蚊（Chironomus riparius）的生活史特征，如羽化率、羽化时间和成虫体重，评估了两种最常检测到的UV过滤剂（二苯甲酮-3（BP3）和恩扎替明（4-MBC））的联合效应，以及BP3与一种驱虫剂（N，N-二乙基-3-甲基苯甲酰胺-避蚊胺）的联合效应。结果表明，BP3和4-MBC对C. riparius羽化率有协同效应。关于BP3和避蚊胺混合物的影响，我们的分析表明，在雄性羽化时间方面存在协同作用，而在雌性羽化时间方面存在拮抗作用。我们的结果表明，化学混合物中沉积物中存在的UV过滤剂的影响是复杂的，使用不同生活史特征进行影响评估可能会产生不同的反应模式。本研究表明，评估水生系统中同时使用/发现的污染物的联合效应对于更准确的风险评估很重要，因为单独的化学测试可能会低估有机UV过滤剂的毒性。
