Santos-Aguilar Pamela, Bernal-Ramírez Judith, Vázquez-Garza Eduardo, Vélez-Escamilla Lydia Yerid, Lozano Omar, García-Rivas Gerardo de Jesús, Contreras-Torres Flavio F
Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico.
Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L. 64460, Mexico.
ACS Omega. 2023 May 15;8(21):19024-19036. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01771. eCollection 2023 May 30.
The widespread use of titanium dioxide (TiO) has raised concerns about potential health risks associated with its cytotoxicity in the cardiovascular system. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of TiO particles, the H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts were used as a biological model, and their toxicological susceptibility to TiO-anatase and TiO-rutile particles was studied in vitro. The study examined dose and time exposure responses. The cell viability was evaluated based on metabolic inhibition and membrane integrity loss. The results revealed that both TiO-anatase and TiO-rutile particles induced similar levels of cytotoxicity at the inhibition concentrations IC (1.4-4.4 μg/cm) and IC (7.2-9.3 μg/cm). However, at more significant concentrations, TiO-rutile appeared to be more cytotoxic than TiO-anatase at 24 h. The study found that the TiO particles induced apoptosis events, but necrosis was not observed at any of the concentrations of particles used. The study considered the effects of microstructural properties, crystalline phase, and particle size in determining the capability of TiO particles to induce cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The microstress in TiO particles was assessed using powder X-ray diffraction through Williamson-Hall and Warren-Averbach analysis. The analysis estimated the apparent crystallite domain and microstrain of TiO-anatase to be 29 nm (ε = 1.03%) and TiO-rutile to be 21 nm (ε = 0.53%), respectively. Raman spectroscopy, N adsorption isotherms, and dynamic light scattering were used to identify the presence of pure crystalline phases (>99.9%), comparative surface areas (10 m/g), and ζ-potential values (-24 mV). The difference in the properties of TiO particles made it difficult to attribute the cytotoxicity solely to one variable.
二氧化钛（TiO₂）的广泛使用引发了人们对其在心血管系统中的细胞毒性所带来的潜在健康风险的担忧。为了评估TiO₂颗粒的细胞毒性，使用H9c2大鼠心肌成纤维细胞作为生物学模型，并在体外研究了它们对TiO₂锐钛矿型颗粒和TiO₂金红石型颗粒的毒理学易感性。该研究考察了剂量和时间暴露反应。基于代谢抑制和膜完整性丧失来评估细胞活力。结果显示，在抑制浓度IC₅₀（1.4 - 4.4 μg/cm³）和IC₉₀（7.2 - 9.3 μg/cm³）时，TiO₂锐钛矿型颗粒和TiO₂金红石型颗粒诱导的细胞毒性水平相似。然而，在更高浓度下，在24小时时TiO₂金红石型颗粒似乎比TiO₂锐钛矿型颗粒具有更强的细胞毒性。该研究发现TiO₂颗粒诱导了凋亡事件，但在所使用的任何颗粒浓度下均未观察到坏死现象。该研究考虑了微观结构性质、晶相和颗粒大小在确定TiO₂颗粒诱导H9c2心肌成纤维细胞产生细胞毒性能力方面的影响。通过粉末X射线衍射利用威廉姆森 - 霍尔和沃伦 - 阿弗巴赫分析评估TiO₂颗粒中的微观应力。分析估计TiO₂锐钛矿型颗粒的表观微晶域和微观应变分别为29 nm（ε = 1.03%），TiO₂金红石型颗粒为21 nm（ε = 0.53%）。使用拉曼光谱、N₂吸附等温线和动态光散射来确定纯晶相（>99.9%）的存在、比较比表面积（10 m²/g）和ζ电位值（-24 mV）。TiO₂颗粒性质的差异使得难以将细胞毒性仅归因于一个变量。
