Asymmetric Segregation and Polarized Redistribution of Pole Plasm During Early Cleavages in the Tubifex Embryo: Role of Actin Networks and Mitotic Apparatus: (Tubifex/cleavage/pole plasm/redistribution/cytoskeleton).

In the precleavage zygote of Tubifex, pole plasm, which is yolk-free cytoplasm, is located at the animal and vegetal poles. The present study describes the fate and localization pattern of the pole plasms in embryonic development of Tubifex. The process of pole plasm localization during cleavage stages is comprised of three steps. The first step is asymmetric segregation which results in bipolar localization of pole plasm masses in the D-cell of the 4-cell embryo. The spatial organization of pole plasm at this stage depends on F-actin but not on microtubules. The second step is the redistribution of the vegetal pole plasm toward the animal pole and its unification with the animal pole plasm. These give rise to localization of unified pole plasm at the animal side (i.e. future dorsal side of the embryo) of the D-quadrant. The polarized redistribution is sensitive to colchicine and topographically related to the mitotic apparatus located at the animal pole of the D-cell. Electron microscopy shows the association with astral microtubules of constituents of pole plasm, suggesting the involvement of astral microtubules in cytoplasmic movement which gives rise to redistribution. In addition, centrifuge experiments suggest that the directional information for this polarized redistribution may be provided by some cytoplasmic organizations which are resistant to centrifugal force. The last step of the localization process is partitioning of unified pole plasm into two micromeres 2d and 4d. The spatial organization of pole plasm at this stage depends on microtubules but not on F-actin.