De Matos C C, Guignard B, Castro F De Souza, Guimard A
Aquatic Sports Research Group, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Université Rouen Normandie, CETAPS UR 3832, Rouen, France.
Front Physiol. 2023 May 22;14:1174090. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1174090. eCollection 2023.
Paddles and fins are used in swimmers training with different objectives (e.g., increase propulsive areas of hands and feet, improve the feeling of water flow). These artificial modifications of the stroke might be viewed as external constraints of the stroke task, both will either disturb or facilitate swimming modalities, so the coaches should manipulate its use to extract benefits for performance. This study seeks to investigate the precise effects of wearing either paddles (PAD) or fins (FINS) vs. a no-equipment (NE) trial in three all-out front crawl exercises on swimmer kinematics, arm stroke efficiency (), upper-limbs coordination patterns (Index of Coordination, IdC), and estimated energy cost (C). Eleven regional to national-level male swimmers participated in the study (age: 25.8 ± 5.5 years, body mass: 75.2 ± 5.5 kg, height: 177 ± 6.5 cm) and were recorded from both sides of the swimming pool to collect all variables. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni were used to compare the variables. Effects sizes were calculated. Time to cover the distance and velocity were higher in FINS swimming, with larger values of stroke length (SL) and lower kick amplitude in comparison to the other trials (PAD and NE). The use of FINS also modified the stroke phases durations by presenting significant lower propulsion time during the stroke in comparison to PAD or NE. Values of IdC were lower (IdC < -1%, so catch-up pattern of coordination) for FINS in comparison to NE. In terms of , using PAD or FINS demonstrate higher arm stroke efficiency than swimming without equipment. Finally, C was significantly higher in FINS swimming in comparison to NE and PAD. From the present results, it should be noted that the use of equipment such as fins deeply modify the structure of the swimming stroke (from the performance-related parameters through the kinematics of both upper and lower limbs to the stroke efficiency and coordination pattern). So, using equipment should be appropriately scaled by the coaches to the objectives of the training session in swimming, and in emergent sports such as "SwimRun", paddles and fins must be viewed as tools to achieve higher velocities to cover a given distance.
划水板和脚蹼用于不同训练目标的游泳者训练（例如，增加手脚的推进面积，改善水流感觉）。这些对划水动作的人为改变可被视为划水任务的外部限制因素，它们既可能干扰也可能促进游泳方式，因此教练应合理运用其来提高训练效果。本研究旨在调查在三次全力自由泳练习中，佩戴划水板（PAD）或脚蹼（FINS）与不使用装备（NE）的情况下，对游泳者运动学、手臂划水效率（）、上肢协调模式（协调指数，IdC）和估计能量消耗（C）的精确影响。11名地区级到国家级的男性游泳运动员参与了该研究（年龄：25.8±5.5岁，体重：75.2±5.5千克，身高：177±6.5厘米），并从游泳池两侧进行记录以收集所有变量。采用重复测量方差分析和Bonferroni检验来比较变量，并计算效应量。与其他试验（PAD和NE）相比，使用脚蹼游泳时，完成距离的时间和速度更高，划水长度（SL）值更大，踢腿幅度更小。使用脚蹼还改变了划水阶段的持续时间，与PAD或NE相比，划水时的推进时间显著缩短。与NE相比，使用脚蹼时IdC值更低（IdC < -1%，即追赶式协调模式）。在方面，使用PAD或FINS比不使用装备游泳时的手臂划水效率更高。最后，与NE和PAD相比，使用脚蹼游泳时C显著更高。从目前的结果来看，应注意使用脚蹼等装备会深刻改变游泳划水的结构（从与表现相关的参数到上下肢的运动学，再到划水效率和协调模式）。因此，教练应根据游泳训练课程的目标合理使用装备，在“游泳跑步”等新兴运动中，划水板和脚蹼必须被视为实现更高速度以完成给定距离的工具。
