Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to The Environment - APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2023 Aug;101:104167. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104167. Epub 2023 Jun 5.
Caffeine (CAF) and salicylic acid (SA) are frequently detected in waterbody, though information on their biological impact is poor. This work assesses the effects of CAF (5 ng/L to 10 µg/L) and SA (0.05 µg/L to 100 µg/L) alone and combined as CAF+SA (5 ng/L+0.05 µg/L to 10 µg/L+100 µg/L) on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis under 12-days exposure by histomorphology of digestive gland and oxidative stress defense at molecular and biochemical levels. Besides evaluating tissue accumulation, absence of histomorphological damage and haemocyte infiltration highlighted activation of defensive mechanisms. Up-regulation of Cu/Zn-sod, Mn-sod, cat and gst combined with increased catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity were found in CAF-exposed mussels, while SA reduced ROS production and mitochondrial activity. CAF+SA exposure induced differential responses, and the integrated biomarker response (IBR) revealed more pronounced effects of SA than CAF. These results enlarge knowledge on pharmaceuticals impact on non-target organisms, emphasizing the need for proper environmental risk assessment.
咖啡因（CAF）和水杨酸（SA）经常在水体中被检测到，尽管关于它们的生物学影响的信息很少。本工作通过对贻贝 Mytilus galloprovincialis 在 12 天暴露于 CAF（5ng/L 至 10µg/L）和 SA（0.05µg/L 至 100µg/L）单独和联合作用（CAF+SA，5ng/L+0.05µg/L 至 10µg/L+100µg/L）下的消化腺组织形态学和分子和生化水平的氧化应激防御的影响进行了评估。除了评估组织积累外，没有组织形态学损伤和血淋巴细胞浸润表明防御机制被激活。在暴露于 CAF 的贻贝中发现 Cu/Zn-sod、Mn-sod、cat 和 gst 的上调以及过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶活性的增加，而 SA 则降低了 ROS 的产生和线粒体活性。CAF+SA 暴露引起了不同的反应，综合生物标志物反应（IBR）显示 SA 的影响比 CAF 更明显。这些结果扩大了关于药物对非靶标生物的影响的知识，强调了进行适当的环境风险评估的必要性。
