Intratumoral delivery of immune therapy and gene therapy: the next era for cancer therapy.

Cancer immunotherapy is a field that garners significant interest, fueled by the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In contrast to conventional cancer therapies, immunotherapies leverage the host's immune system by enhancing innate and adaptive immunity to control cancer progression. Despite these exciting advances, only a subset of patients respond to these drugs, and immunotherapies frequently result in immune-related toxicity. One approach to overcome these challenges is intratumoral administration of treatment to minimize systemic toxicities and maximize therapeutic effects. Intratumoral cancer therapies have shown similar or superior antitumor efficacy in both treated and distant untreated tumors, with a widely improved benefit-risk ratio over conventional therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the current landscape of intratumoral cancer gene immunotherapy.