Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 May 24;14:1168898. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168898. eCollection 2023.
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by repressing messengerRNA-targets. MiRNAs are abundant in many cell types and are secreted into extracellular fluids, protected from degradation by packaging in extracellular vesicles. These circulating miRNAs are easily accessible, disease-specific and sensitive to small changes, which makes them ideal biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, predictive or monitoring purposes. Specific miRNA signatures can be reflective of disease status and development or indicators of poor treatment response. This is especially important in malignant diseases, as the ease of accessibility of circulating miRNAs circumvents the need for invasive tissue biopsy. In osteogenesis, miRNAs can act either osteo-enhancing or osteo-repressing by targeting key transcription factors and signaling pathways. This review highlights the role of circulating and extracellular vesicle-derived miRNAs as biomarkers in bone-related diseases, with a specific focus on osteoporosis and osteosarcoma. To this end, a comprehensive literature search has been performed. The first part of the review discusses the history and biology of miRNAs, followed by a description of different types of biomarkers and an update of the current knowledge of miRNAs as biomarkers in bone related diseases. Finally, limitations of miRNAs biomarker research and future perspectives will be presented.
微小 RNA（miRNA）是一类小的非编码 RNA 分子，通过抑制信使 RNA 靶标来调节转录后基因表达。miRNA 在许多细胞类型中含量丰富，并通过包装在细胞外囊泡中被保护免受降解而分泌到细胞外液中。这些循环 miRNA 易于获取、具有疾病特异性、对微小变化敏感，使其成为诊断、预后、预测或监测目的的理想生物标志物。特定的 miRNA 特征可以反映疾病状态和发展，或预示治疗反应不佳。这在恶性疾病中尤为重要，因为循环 miRNA 的易于获取避免了对侵袭性组织活检的需求。在成骨过程中，miRNA 可以通过靶向关键转录因子和信号通路来发挥增强或抑制骨形成的作用。本综述重点介绍了循环和细胞外囊泡衍生的 miRNA 作为与骨相关疾病的生物标志物的作用，特别关注骨质疏松症和骨肉瘤。为此，进行了全面的文献检索。综述的第一部分讨论了 miRNA 的历史和生物学，随后描述了不同类型的生物标志物，并更新了 miRNA 作为与骨相关疾病的生物标志物的现有知识。最后，将介绍 miRNA 生物标志物研究的局限性和未来展望。
