Ampicillin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible bacteremia: a clinical narrative review.

INTRODUCTION

is a commensal microorganism that can cause infections such as bacteremia. Incidence of ampicillin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible (EfARSV) bacteremia is on the rise, and the mortality rate is high. Despite much data, the most appropriate treatment remains a question.

AREAS COVERED

This article mostly reviews the relevant aspects of EfARSV bacteremia: microbiology, gastrointestinal tract colonization and invasion, antibiotic resistance, epidemiology, risk factors, mortality, and treatment, including pharmacologic components of employed agents and related clinical evidence. A literature search was conducted on PubMed on 31 July 2022, which was updated on 15 November 2022.

EXPERT OPINION

EfARSV bacteremia presents high mortality. However, it is uncertain whether mortality is attributable to or a marker of severity/comorbidities. Considering its antibiotic resistance pattern, EfARSV is considered a difficult-to-treat microorganism. Glycopeptides have been used to treat EfARSV, with linezolid and daptomycin serving as potential alternative agents. Yet, the use of daptomycin is controversial due to a higher risk of treatment failures. Clinical evidence on this issue is scarce, unfortunately, and subject to many limitations. Despite increased incidence and mortality, EfARSV bacteremia presents multiple aspects to be addressed in well-conducted studies.