School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh 410000, Vietnam.
J Appl Microbiol. 2023 Jun 1;134(6). doi: 10.1093/jambio/lxad118.
To investigate the prevalence, molecular type, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridioides difficile in the environment in Vietnam, where little is known about C. difficile.
Samples of pig faeces, soils from pig farms, potatoes, and the hospital environment were cultured for C. difficile. Isolates were identified and typed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. The overall prevalence of C. difficile contamination was 24.5% (68/278). Clostridioides difficile was detected mainly in soils from pig farms and hospital soils, with 70%-100% prevalence. Clostridioides difficile was isolated from 3.4% of pig faecal samples and 5% of potato surfaces. The four most prevalent ribotypes (RTs) were RTs 001, 009, 038, and QX574. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, fidaxomicin, vancomycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanate, while resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and moxifloxacin was common in toxigenic strains. Clostridioides difficile RTs 001A+B+CDT- and 038A-B-CDT- were predominantly multidrug resistant.
Environmental sources of C. difficile are important to consider in the epidemiology of C. difficile infection in Vietnam, however, contaminated soils are likely to be the most important source of C. difficile. This poses additional challenges to controlling infections in healthcare settings.
调查越南环境中艰难梭菌的流行率、分子型和抗菌药物敏感性，因为目前对艰难梭菌在越南的情况知之甚少。
采集猪粪便、养猪场土壤、土豆和医院环境样本进行艰难梭菌培养。采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）核糖体分型法对分离株进行鉴定和分型。艰难梭菌污染的总流行率为 24.5%（68/278）。艰难梭菌主要存在于养猪场土壤和医院土壤中，流行率为 70%-100%。从 3.4%的猪粪便样本和 5%的土豆表面分离出艰难梭菌。最常见的 4 种核糖体分型（RTs）为 RTs 001、009、038 和 QX574。所有分离株均对甲硝唑、非达霉素、万古霉素和阿莫西林/克拉维酸敏感，而产毒菌株对红霉素、四环素和莫西沙星的耐药性很常见。艰难梭菌 RTs 001A+B+CDT-和 038A-B-CDT-主要为多重耐药。
艰难梭菌的环境来源是越南艰难梭菌感染流行病学的重要考虑因素，然而，受污染的土壤可能是艰难梭菌的最重要来源。这给医疗机构感染的控制带来了额外的挑战。
