Kandel D B, Davies M, Karus D, Yamaguchi K
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986 Aug;43(8):746-54. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800080032005.
To examine the consequences of adolescent drug use on the psychosocial and health functioning of young adults, we followed up 1004 young men and women from age 15 or 16 years to age 25 years. The use of four different classes of drugs was examined: cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. Twenty outcomes were examined, including continuity of participation in work and in family roles, level of education, delinquent activities, self-reported health and psychological symptoms, and use of five drug classes in early adulthood (including prescribed psychoactive medications). The effects of marijuana and of other illicit drugs could not be disentangled, so these drugs were treated as a single class. Controlling for initial individual differences in adolescence, use of the three major drug classes between adolescence and early adulthood affected most of the outcomes examined; most strongly continued use of the same substance. Unique drug effects included those of illicit drugs on increased delinquency, unemployment, divorce, and abortions, and of cigarettes on lowered psychological mood. Illicit drugs predicted drug-related health problems, whereas cigarette use predicted increased breathing difficulties.
为了研究青少年吸毒对青年成年人心理社会和健康功能的影响，我们对1004名15或16岁至25岁的青年男女进行了随访。研究了四类不同药物的使用情况：香烟、酒精、大麻和其他非法药物。研究了20项结果，包括参与工作和家庭角色的连续性、教育水平、违法活动、自我报告的健康和心理症状，以及成年早期五类药物的使用情况（包括处方精神活性药物）。大麻和其他非法药物的影响无法区分，因此这些药物被视为一类。在控制青少年时期最初的个体差异后，青少年到成年早期使用这三大类药物影响了所研究的大多数结果；影响最强烈的是持续使用同一种物质。独特的药物影响包括非法药物对违法犯罪、失业、离婚和堕胎增加的影响，以及香烟对心理情绪降低的影响。非法药物预示着与药物相关的健康问题，而吸烟预示着呼吸困难增加。
