Research Center, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo 04026002, Brazil.
Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió 57072900, Brazil.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 30;24(11):9478. doi: 10.3390/ijms24119478.
Glyphosate is an herbicide widely used in agriculture but can present chronic toxicity in low concentrations. is a common bio-indicator of ecotoxicity; it was used herein as a model to evaluate the effect of highly diluted-succussed glyphosate (potentized glyphosate) in glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposed living systems. cysts were kept in artificial seawater with 0.02% glyphosate (corresponding to 10% lethal concentration or LC10) under constant oxygenation, luminosity, and controlled temperature, to promote hatching in 48 h. Cysts were treated with 1% (/) potentized glyphosate in different dilution levels (Gly 6 cH, 30 cH, 200 cH) prepared the day before according to homeopathic techniques, using GBH from the same batch. Controls were unchallenged cysts, and cysts treated with succussed water or potentized vehicle. After 48 h, the number of born nauplii per 100 µL, nauplii vitality, and morphology were evaluated. The remaining seawater was used for physicochemical analyses using solvatochromic dyes. In a second set of experiments, Gly 6 cH treated cysts were observed under different degrees of salinity (50 to 100% seawater) and GBH concentrations (zero to LC 50); hatching and nauplii activity were recorded and analyzed using the ImageJ 1.52, plug-in Trackmate. The treatments were performed blind, and the codes were revealed after statistical analysis. Gly 6 cH increased nauplii vitality ( = 0.01) and improved the healthy/defective nauplii ratio ( = 0.005) but delayed hatching ( = 0.02). Overall, these results suggest Gly 6cH treatment promotes the emergence of the more GBH-resistant phenotype in the nauplii population. Also, Gly 6cH delays hatching, another useful survival mechanism in the presence of stress. Hatching arrest was most marked in 80% seawater when exposed to glyphosate at LC10. Water samples treated with Gly 6 cH showed specific interactions with solvatochromic dyes, mainly Coumarin 7, such that it appears to be a potential physicochemical marker for Gly 6 cH. In short, Gly 6 cH treatment appears to protect the population exposed to GBH at low concentrations.
草甘膦是一种广泛应用于农业的除草剂，但在低浓度下也可能具有慢性毒性。桡足类是生态毒性的常见生物标志物；本文以此为模型，评估了经高度稀释的超声处理的草甘膦（增效草甘膦）对含草甘膦除草剂（GBH）暴露的活体系统的影响。将桡足类幼虫保存在人工海水中，浓度为 0.02%草甘膦（对应于 10%致死浓度或 LC10），在恒定的氧气、光照和温度控制下，促进在 48 小时内孵化。用 1%（/）增效草甘膦以不同稀释水平（Gly 6 cH、30 cH、200 cH）处理幼虫，前一天根据顺势疗法技术制备，使用来自同一批次的 GBH。对照组为未受挑战的幼虫，以及用超声处理过的水或增效载体处理过的幼虫。48 小时后，评估每 100µL 出生的无节幼体数量、无节幼体活力和形态。用溶剂染料对剩余海水进行理化分析。在第二组实验中，观察了在不同盐度（50%至 100%海水）和 GBH 浓度（零至 LC 50）下用 Gly 6 cH 处理的桡足类幼虫的孵化和无节幼体活性，并使用 ImageJ 1.52 插件 Trackmate 进行记录和分析。处理是盲法进行的，在统计分析后揭示代码。Gly 6 cH 增加了无节幼体活力（=0.01），提高了健康/畸形无节幼体的比例（=0.005），但延迟了孵化（=0.02）。总的来说，这些结果表明 Gly 6cH 处理促进了具有更高 GBH 抗性表型的无节幼体种群的出现。此外，Gly 6cH 延迟孵化，这是在存在压力时另一种有用的生存机制。当暴露在 LC10 的草甘膦中时，在 80%的海水中孵化停止最为明显。用 Gly 6 cH 处理的水样与溶剂染料（主要是香豆素 7）表现出特定的相互作用，因此它似乎是 Gly 6 cH 的潜在物理化学标志物。简而言之，Gly 6 cH 处理似乎可以保护暴露于低浓度 GBH 的桡足类种群。
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