Hall Amber M, Keil Alexander P, Choi Giehae, Ramos Amanda M, Richardson David B, Olshan Andrew F, Martin Chantel L, Villanger Gro D, Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted, Zeiner Pål, Øvergaard Kristin R, Sakhi Amrit K, Thomsen Cathrine, Aase Heidi, Engel Stephanie M
Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Environ Epidemiol. 2023 Jun 5;7(3):e251. doi: 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000251. eCollection 2023 Jun.
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous chemicals, used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPE usage has increased over time as a substitute for other controlled compounds. This study investigates the impact of prenatal OPE exposure on executive function (EF) in preschoolers.
We selected 340 preschoolers from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Diphenyl-phosphate (DPhP), di-n-butyl-phosphate (DnBP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) were measured in maternal urine. EF was measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Preschool (BRIEF-P) and the Stanford-Binet fifth edition (SB-5). EF scores were scaled so a higher score indicated worse performance. We estimated exposure-outcome associations and evaluated modification by child sex using linear regression.
Higher DnBP was associated with lower EF scores across multiple rater-based domains. Higher DPhP and BDCIPP were associated with lower SB-5 verbal working memory (β = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.87; β = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.08, 1.02), and higher BBOEP was associated with lower teacher-rated inhibition (β = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.63). DPhP was associated with lower parent-reported BRIEF-P measures in boys but not girls [inhibition: boys: 0.37 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.93); girls: -0.48 (95% CI = -1.27, 0.19); emotional control: boys: 0.44 (95% CI = -0.13, 1.26); girls: -0.83 (95% CI = -1.73, -0.00); working memory: boys: 0.49 (95% CI = 0.03, 1.08); girls: -0.40 (95% CI = -1.11, 0.36)]. Fewer sex interactions were observed for DnBP, BBOEP, and BDCIPP, with irregular patterns observed across EF domains.
We found some evidence prenatal OPE exposure may impact EF in preschoolers and variation in associations by sex.
有机磷酸酯（OPEs）是普遍存在的化学物质，用作阻燃剂和增塑剂。随着时间的推移，OPE的使用量有所增加，以替代其他受管制的化合物。本研究调查了产前接触OPE对学龄前儿童执行功能（EF）的影响。
我们从挪威母婴队列研究中选取了340名学龄前儿童。测量了孕妇尿液中的磷酸二苯酯（DPhP）、磷酸二正丁酯（DnBP）、磷酸双（2-丁氧基乙基）酯（BBOEP）和磷酸双（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）酯（BDCIPP）。使用执行功能学前行为评定量表（BRIEF-P）和斯坦福-比奈智力量表第五版（SB-5）测量EF。对EF分数进行了标准化处理，分数越高表明表现越差。我们使用线性回归估计暴露-结果关联，并评估儿童性别的调节作用。
较高的DnBP与多个基于评估者的领域中较低的EF分数相关。较高的DPhP和BDCIPP与较低的SB-5语言工作记忆相关（β = 0.49，95%CI = 0.12，0.87；β = 0.53，95%CI = 0.08，1.02），较高的BBOEP与教师评定的较低抑制能力相关（β = 0.34，95%CI = 0.01，0.63）。DPhP与男孩而非女孩中父母报告的BRIEF-P测量值较低相关[抑制能力：男孩：0.37（95%CI = 0.03，0.93）；女孩：-0.48（95%CI = -1.27，0.19）；情绪控制：男孩：0.44（95%CI = -0.13，1.26）；女孩：-0.83（95%CI = -1.73，-0.00）；工作记忆：男孩：0.49（95%CI = 0.03，1.08）；女孩：-0.40（95%CI = -1.11，0.36）]。对于DnBP、BBOEP和BDCIPP，观察到的性别交互作用较少，在EF领域观察到不规则模式。
我们发现一些证据表明产前接触OPE可能会影响学龄前儿童的EF以及性别关联的差异。
