Hendrickx K, De la Marche W, Steyaert J
Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2023;65(4):266-271.
Considering an evolutionary perspective, psychiatric conditions present us with a paradox. How can the high prevalence of those conditions be explained, given the importance of genetic factors in many of them? Evolutionary principles predict that traits with an adverse effect on reproduction undergo negative selection.
To try to formulate an answer to this paradox from the perspective of evolutionary psychiatry by integrating different disciplines.
We describe some important evolutionary models: the adaptive and maladaptive model, the mismatch model, the trade-off model and the balance model. By way of illustration, we have searched the literature for evolutionary perspectives on autism spectrum disorder.
In this narrative review we describe several evolutionary hypotheses about autism spectrum disorder with a framing within the different evolutionary models. We discuss, among others, evolutionary hypotheses regarding gender differences in social skills, the link with more recent evolutionary cognitive development, and autism spectrum disorder as an extreme cognitive outlier.
We conclude that evolutionary psychiatry offers a complementary point of view on psychiatric conditions and specifically on autism spectrum disorder. A link to neurodiversity and an impetus to clinical translation is made.
从进化的角度来看，精神疾病给我们带来了一个悖论。鉴于许多精神疾病中遗传因素的重要性，如何解释这些疾病的高患病率呢？进化原则预测，对生殖有不利影响的性状会经历负选择。
试图通过整合不同学科，从进化精神病学的角度对这一悖论给出答案。
我们描述了一些重要的进化模型：适应性和适应不良模型、错配模型、权衡模型和平衡模型。作为例证，我们在文献中搜索了关于自闭症谱系障碍的进化观点。
在这篇叙述性综述中，我们描述了关于自闭症谱系障碍的几种进化假说，并将其置于不同的进化模型框架内。我们尤其讨论了关于社交技能性别差异的进化假说、与最近进化认知发展的联系，以及将自闭症谱系障碍视为极端认知异常值的观点。
我们得出结论，进化精神病学为精神疾病，特别是自闭症谱系障碍提供了一个补充性的观点。建立了与神经多样性的联系以及临床转化的动力。
