STNM1 in human cancers: role, function and potential therapy sensitizer.

STMN1 belongs to the stathmin gene family, it encodes a cytoplasmic phosphorylated protein, stathmin1, which is commonly observed in vertebrate cells. STMN1 is a structural microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that binds to microtubule protein dimers rather than microtubules, with each STMN1 binding two microtubule protein dimers and preventing their aggregation, leading to microtubule instability. STMN1 expression is elevated in a number of malignancies, and inhibition of its expression can interfere with tumor cell division. Its expression can change the division of tumor cells, thereby arresting cell growth in the G2/M phase. Moreover, STMN1 expression affects tumor cell sensitivity to anti-microtubule drug analogs, including vincristine and paclitaxel. The research on MAPs is limited, and new insights on the mechanism of STMN1 in different cancers are emerging. The effective application of STMN1 in cancer prognosis and treatment requires further understanding of this protein. Here, we summarize the general characteristics of STMN1 and outline how STMN1 plays a role in cancer development, targeting multiple signaling networks and acting as a downstream target for multiple microRNAs, circRNAs, and lincRNAs. We also summarize recent findings on the function role of STMN1 in tumor resistance and as a therapeutic target for cancer.