Effects of and on the competitive growth of .

Beneficial microorganisms play a pivotal role in the invasion process of exotic plants, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and . However, limited research exists on the synergistic influence of AMF and on the competition between both invasive and native plants. In this study, pot cultures of monoculture, monoculture, and and mixture were used to investigate the effects of dominant AMF (, SC) and (BC), and the co-inoculation of BC and SC on the competitive growth of . The results showed that inoculation with BC, SC, and BC + SC significantly increased the biomass of by 14.77, 112.07, and 197.74%, respectively, in the competitive growth between and . Additionally, inoculation with BC increased the biomass of by 185.07%, while inoculation with SC or BC + SC decreased biomass by 37.31 and 59.70% compared to the uninoculated treatment. Inoculation with BC significantly increased the nutrient contents in the rhizosphere soil of both plants and promoted their growth. Inoculation with SC or SC + BC notably increased the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of , therefore enhancing its competitiveness. Compared with single inoculation, dual inoculation with SC and BC increased AMF colonization rate and density, indicating that SC and BC can form a synergistic effect to further enhance the growth and competitiveness of . This study reveals the distinct role of and during the invasion of , and provide new clues to the underlying mechanisms of interaction between invasive plant, AMF and .