Characterization of two new mitogenomes (Hemiptera, Lygaeidae, Ischnorhynchinae) and a mitochondrial phylogeny of Lygaeoidea.

Lygaeidae is a large family of Hemiptera (Heteroptera) currently separated into three subfamilies, Ischnorhynchinae, Lygaeinae, and Orsillinae. In this research, the complete mitogenomes of the iscnorhynchines Zheng, Zou & Hsiao, 1979 and Zheng, Zou & Hsiao, 1979 were sequenced, and the phylogeny of and the Lygaeidae with known complete mitogenomes were examined. The mitogenomes are 15,174 bp and 15,399 bp in size, respectively, and comprised of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and a control region (D-loop). Nucleotide composition is biased toward A and T, and the gene order is identical to that of the putative ancestral arrangement of insects. Eleven PCGs begin with a typical ATN, and the remaining two PCGs begin with TTG ( and ). All tRNAs had a typical cloverleaf secondary structure, but some of them had individual base mismatches. The phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 13 PCGs, using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood, support the monophyly of Lygaeidae. The results show that and clustered with nine other Lygaeidae. This study includes the first complete sequencing of the mitochondrial genomes of two species, which will provide important data for studying the phylogenetic position of Lygaeidae in Lygaeoidea and reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Pentatomomorpha.