Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Florida Science Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64(28):10204-10220. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2222010. Epub 2023 Jun 19.
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are used globally to control pests in the food industry. However, some have been banned due to their toxicity. Although they have been banned, OCPs are still discharged into the environment and persist for long periods of time. Therefore, this review focused on the occurrence, toxicity, and chromatographic determination of OCPs in vegetable oils over the last 22 years (2000-2022) (111 references). Literature search shows that OCPs kill pests by destroying endocrine, teratogenic, neuroendocrine, immune, and reproductive systems. However, only five studies investigated the fate of OCPs in vegetable oils and the outcome revealed that some of the steps involved during oil processing introduce more OCPs. Moreover, direct chromatographic determination of OCPs was mostly performed using online LC-GC methods fitted with oven transfer adsorption desorption interface. While indirect chromatographic determination was favored by QuEChERS extraction technique, gas chromatography frequently coupled to electron capture detection (ECD), gas chromatography in selective ion monitoring mode (SIM), and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were the most common techniques used for detection. However, the greatest challenge still faced by analytical chemists is to obtain clean extracts with acceptable extraction recoveries (70-120%). Hence, more research is still required to develop greener and selective extraction methods toward OCPs, thus improving extraction recoveries. Moreover, advanced techniques like gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) must also be explored. OCPs prevalence in vegetable oils varied greatly in various countries, and concentrations of up to 1500 µg/kg were reported. Additionally, the percentage of positive samples ranged from 1.1 to 97.5% for endosulfan sulfate.
有机氯农药 (OCPs) 被广泛用于食品工业的害虫防治。然而，由于其毒性，一些 OCPs 已被禁用。尽管已经被禁用，但 OCPs 仍被排放到环境中并持续存在很长时间。因此，本综述重点关注了过去 22 年（2000-2022 年）蔬菜油中 OCPs 的发生、毒性和色谱测定（111 篇参考文献）。文献检索表明，OCPs 通过破坏内分泌、致畸、神经内分泌、免疫和生殖系统来杀死害虫。然而，只有五项研究调查了 OCPs 在蔬菜油中的命运，结果表明，在油加工过程中，有些步骤会引入更多的 OCPs。此外，OCPs 的直接色谱测定主要采用在线 LC-GC 方法与烘箱转移吸附解吸接口相结合。虽然间接色谱测定更倾向于 QuEChERS 提取技术，但气相色谱与电子俘获检测（ECD）、选择性离子监测模式（SIM）下的气相色谱、气相色谱串联质谱（GC-MS/MS）联用的检测技术更为常见。然而，分析化学家面临的最大挑战仍然是获得具有可接受提取回收率（70-120%）的清洁提取物。因此，仍然需要更多的研究来开发针对 OCPs 的更绿色和选择性的提取方法，从而提高提取回收率。此外，还必须探索像气相色谱高分辨率质谱（GC-HRMS）这样的先进技术。OCPs 在不同国家的蔬菜油中的存在情况差异很大，报道的浓度高达 1500µg/kg。此外，对于硫丹硫酸盐，阳性样品的比例从 1.1%到 97.5%不等。
