Purdue University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States of America.
Purdue University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, United States of America; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, United States of America; Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, United States of America; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, United States of America.
Physiol Behav. 2023 Oct 1;269:114275. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114275. Epub 2023 Jun 17.
Binge drinking can lead to various negative consequences and in non-experimental settings, alcohol usually contains flavoring, which may promote increased binge drinking. Preclinical models of binge-like drinking have been well established, however, the influence of flavor on alcohol preference and binge-like drinking has not been fully explored.
Male and female C57BL/6 J mice were tested via two-bottle choice with alcohol flavored with different concentrations of unsweetened Cherry flavor Kool-Aid and water. Next, mice were tested for preference for flavored alcohol over plain alcohol. Consumption of flavored alcohol versus water was examined over 48 h. Binge-like drinking with flavored alcohol was validated via drinking in the dark (DID). A separate cohort of mice underwent chronic DID for 6 weeks with either flavored or plain alcohol. After chronic DID, mice were then tested for preference for flavored versus plain alcohol and then alcohol consumption despite adverse effects was examined using the quinine adulteration test.
The 0.1% Kool-Aid concentration was chosen to use for further testing based on intake. Mice preferred Kool-Aid flavored alcohol over plain alcohol after the concentration test, but mice with no prior exposure to plain or flavored alcohol preferred plain over flavored alcohol. Throughout all initial testing, female mice showed increased alcohol intake compared to male mice. Both male and female mice showed binge-like drinking of flavored alcohol, with females having higher intake and blood alcohol levels. Kool-Aid flavor did not increase alcohol intake during chronic binge-like drinking. Previous exposure to flavored alcohol during DID increased the preference for flavored alcohol over plain alcohol but did not influence alcohol consumption despite adverse effects.
The present study indicates that prior experience with flavored alcohol increases preference and intake, suggesting an effect of learned safety from neophobia. However, flavor does not impact binge-like alcohol consumption or alcohol drinking despite negative consequences. Additionally, the current study shows that female mice will consume more flavored alcohol than males, similar to findings from other alcohol studies.
binge drinking（狂饮、酗酒）可能导致各种负面后果，在非实验环境中，酒精通常含有调味剂，这可能会促进 binge drinking（狂饮、酗酒）的增加。然而，已经建立了 binge-like drinking（类似狂饮的饮酒）的临床前模型，但是风味对酒精偏好和 binge-like drinking（类似狂饮的饮酒）的影响尚未得到充分探索。
通过使用不同浓度的无糖樱桃味酷乐调味剂和水对雄性和雌性 C57BL/6J 小鼠进行双瓶选择测试。接下来，测试小鼠对加味酒精相对于普通酒精的偏好。在 48 小时内检查对加味酒精与水的消耗情况。通过暗饮（DID）验证加味酒精的 binge-like drinking（类似狂饮的饮酒）。另一组小鼠接受了 6 周的慢性 DID，使用加味或普通酒精。在慢性 DID 之后，然后测试小鼠对加味与普通酒精的偏好，然后使用奎宁掺杂试验检查在不良影响下的酒精消耗情况。
基于摄入量，选择 0.1%的酷乐浓度用于进一步测试。在浓度测试后，小鼠更喜欢加味酒精而不是普通酒精，但没有先前接触过普通或加味酒精的小鼠更喜欢普通酒精而不是加味酒精。在所有初始测试中，雌性小鼠的酒精摄入量都高于雄性小鼠。雄性和雌性小鼠都表现出 binge-like drinking（类似狂饮的饮酒）的行为，雌性小鼠的摄入量和血液酒精水平更高。在慢性 binge-like drinking（类似狂饮的饮酒）期间，酷乐口味并没有增加酒精摄入量。在 DID 期间之前接触加味酒精会增加对加味酒精的偏好，但不会影响尽管有不良影响仍继续饮酒的行为。
本研究表明，先前接触加味酒精会增加偏好和摄入量，表明从新异性恐惧中获得了学习安全性的影响。然而，风味不会影响 binge-like alcohol consumption（类似狂饮的饮酒）或尽管有负面后果仍继续饮酒的行为。此外，本研究表明，雌性小鼠比雄性小鼠消耗更多的加味酒精，这与其他酒精研究的发现相似。
