Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
Obes Rev. 2023 Aug;24(8):e13589. doi: 10.1111/obr.13589. Epub 2023 Jun 19.
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among adults worldwide. In this review, we focus on two of the most critical public health challenges that contribute to hypertension-obesity and excess dietary sodium from salt (i.e., sodium chloride). While the independent effects of these factors have been studied extensively, the interplay of obesity and excess salt overconsumption is not well understood. Here, we discuss both the independent and combined effects of excess obesity and dietary salt given their contributions to vascular dysfunction, autonomic cardiovascular dysregulation, kidney dysfunction, and insulin resistance. We discuss the role of ultra-processed foods-accounting for nearly 60% of energy intake in America-as a major contributor to both obesity and salt overconsumption. We highlight the influence of obesity on elevated blood pressure in the presence of a high-salt diet (i.e., salt sensitivity). Throughout the review, we highlight critical gaps in knowledge that should be filled to inform us of the prevention, management, treatment, and mitigation strategies for addressing these public health challenges.
高血压是心血管疾病的主要危险因素。心血管疾病是全球成年人死亡的主要原因。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注导致高血压的两个最关键的公共卫生挑战——肥胖和过量的膳食钠（即氯化钠）。虽然这些因素的独立影响已经得到了广泛研究，但肥胖和过量盐摄入之间的相互作用尚不清楚。在这里，我们讨论了超重和膳食盐摄入的独立和联合作用，因为它们会导致血管功能障碍、自主心血管调节失调、肾功能障碍和胰岛素抵抗。我们讨论了超加工食品的作用——它们在美国的能量摄入中占近 60%——这是肥胖和盐摄入过量的主要原因。我们强调了肥胖在高盐饮食（即盐敏感性）下对血压升高的影响。在整篇综述中，我们强调了知识上的关键差距，这些差距应该得到填补，以便为我们提供预防、管理、治疗和缓解这些公共卫生挑战的策略。
