Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Parasite Immunol. 2023 Aug;45(8):e13000. doi: 10.1111/pim.13000. Epub 2023 Jun 20.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of innate immunity identifying conserved compounds produced by pathogens or discharged by injured cells. Different cell subsets in the human urogenital system, such as epithelial cells and infiltrating leukocytes, express different kinds of TLRs (such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9) as well as inflammasomes (such as NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2). Various types of the Trichomonas vaginalis-derived components such as glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI), T. vaginalis virus (TVV), Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and flagellin can be recognized by TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5, respectively, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the cervicovaginal mucosa. The T. vaginalis-induced inflammasomes can lead to pyroptosis as well as the release of IL-1β and IL-18 promoting innate and adaptive immune responses. The PRR-mediated responses to T. vaginalis may contribute to the induction of protective immune responses, local inflammation, promotion of co-infections, or even the development of malignancies, for example, prostate cancer. The protective or pathogenic roles of the TLRs and inflammasomes during trichomoniasis are highlighted in this review. A better understanding of PRR-mediated responses provides invaluable insights to develop effective immunotherapeutic strategies against T. vaginalis infection.
Toll 样受体 (TLRs) 和炎性小体属于先天免疫的模式识别受体 (PRRs)，可识别病原体产生或受损细胞释放的保守化合物。人类泌尿生殖系统的不同细胞亚群，如上皮细胞和浸润的白细胞，表达不同种类的 TLR（如 TLR2、TLR3、TLR4、TLR5 和 TLR9）以及炎性小体（如 NLRP3、NLRC4 和 AIM2）。各种阴道毛滴虫衍生成分，如糖基磷脂酰肌醇 (GPI)、阴道毛滴虫病毒 (TVV)、脂磷壁酸 (LPG) 和鞭毛蛋白，可分别被 TLR2、TLR3、TLR4 和 TLR5 识别，导致宫颈阴道黏膜产生促炎细胞因子和趋化因子。阴道毛滴虫诱导的炎性小体可导致细胞焦亡，以及 IL-1β 和 IL-18 的释放，促进先天和适应性免疫反应。PRR 介导的对阴道毛滴虫的反应可能有助于诱导保护性免疫反应、局部炎症、促进合并感染，甚至发展为恶性肿瘤，例如前列腺癌。本综述强调了 TLRs 和炎性小体在滴虫病中的保护或致病作用。对 PRR 介导的反应的更好理解为开发针对阴道毛滴虫感染的有效免疫治疗策略提供了宝贵的见解。
