Navy Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of PLA Navy, Qingdao, 266043, China.
Qual Life Res. 2023 Nov;32(11):3085-3098. doi: 10.1007/s11136-023-03457-3. Epub 2023 Jun 22.
Problematic smartphone use (PSU) has become a global public health problem. Excessive while-in-bed smartphone use may result in sleep procrastination and other negative outcomes. The present study aimed to develop and validate a new scale called WSPS to assess while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination among undergraduates.
In total, 910 Chinese undergraduates completed the collection of WSPS, smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV), bedtime procrastination scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and Zung self-rating depression scale. The whole sample were randomly splited in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) sample (n = 455) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) sample (n = 455). 40 undergraduates with PSU (SAS-SV > 31) and 40 without PSU were asked to keep sleep diary for 2 weeks and complete the WSPS again.
EFA and CFA supported a six-item unidimensional structure of the WSPS. The WSPS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency among undergraduates. The WSPS showed good concurrent validity with other relevant variables including PSU, BP, sleep quality, and depression. Scalar invariance of the WSPS between undergraduates with/without PSU was supported, as well as scalar invariance across gender. The WSPS showed good convergent validity with self-report everyday while-in-bed smartphone use duration and good discriminant validity with sleep duration and sleep onset latency recorded by sleep diary. The WSPS also presented good test-retest reliability among undergraduates with/without PSU.
The WSPS is a reliable and valid measure of while-in-bed-smartphone-use-induced sleep procrastination in undergraduates with/without PSU.
智能手机使用障碍（PSU）已成为全球公共卫生问题。过度卧床时使用智能手机可能导致睡眠拖延和其他负面后果。本研究旨在开发和验证一种新的量表，称为 WSPS，用于评估大学生卧床时智能手机使用引起的睡眠拖延。
共有 910 名中国大学生完成了 WSPS、智能手机成瘾量表简表（SAS-SV）、就寝拖延量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数和 Zung 自评抑郁量表的收集。整个样本被随机分为探索性因素分析（EFA）样本（n=455）和验证性因素分析（CFA）样本（n=455）。40 名有 PSU（SAS-SV>31）和 40 名无 PSU 的大学生被要求记录睡眠日记 2 周，并再次完成 WSPS。
EFA 和 CFA 支持 WSPS 的六因素单维结构。WSPS 在大学生中表现出良好的内部一致性。WSPS 与其他相关变量（包括 PSU、BP、睡眠质量和抑郁）具有良好的同时效度。WSPS 在有/无 PSU 的大学生之间以及跨性别均具有良好的标度不变性。WSPS 与自我报告的每天卧床时智能手机使用时间具有良好的聚合效度，与睡眠日记记录的睡眠时间和入睡潜伏期具有良好的区分效度。WSPS 在有/无 PSU 的大学生中也表现出良好的重测信度。
WSPS 是一种可靠且有效的评估有/无 PSU 的大学生卧床时智能手机使用引起的睡眠拖延的测量工具。
