Elkin Roger A, Leippe Michael R
Adelphi U.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986 Jul;51(1):55-65. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.55.
Two experiments replicated and extended research by Croyle and Cooper (1983) indicating that cognitive dissonance involves physiological arousal. In Experiment 1, subjects wrote counterattitudinal essays under conditions of high or low choice, and, to assess arousal effects owing to effort, with or without a list of arguments provided by the experimenter. In high-choice conditions only, and regardless of effort, subjects showed both arousal (heightened galvanic skin response) and attitude change. Arousal, however, did not decline following attitude change. The more effortful task (no arguments provided) produced increased arousal but not greater attitude change. In Experiment 2, the opportunity to change one's attitude following a freely chosen counterattitudinal essay was manipulated. As in Experiment 1, arousal increased following the essay but did not decline following a postessay attitude change opportunity. When subjects were not given an attitude change opportunity, however, arousal did decline. Thus, dissonance seems to create arousal, but attitude change sustains rather than reduces the arousal. It is suggested that if dissonance is a drive state, drive reduction typically may be accomplished through gradual cognitive change or forgetting.
两项实验重复并扩展了克罗伊尔和库珀（1983年）的研究，该研究表明认知失调涉及生理唤醒。在实验1中，受试者在高选择或低选择条件下撰写与态度相悖的文章，并且，为了评估由于努力而产生的唤醒效应，实验者提供或不提供论据列表。仅在高选择条件下，无论是否努力，受试者都表现出唤醒（皮肤电反应增强）和态度改变。然而，态度改变后唤醒并未下降。更费力的任务（未提供论据）会导致唤醒增加，但态度改变并未更大。在实验2中，对在自由选择撰写与态度相悖的文章后改变态度的机会进行了操控。与实验1一样，撰写文章后唤醒增加，但在文章后态度改变机会出现后并未下降。然而，当受试者没有得到态度改变机会时，唤醒确实下降了。因此，失调似乎会引发唤醒，但态度改变会维持而非降低唤醒。有人提出，如果失调是一种驱力状态，驱力降低通常可以通过逐渐的认知改变或遗忘来实现。
