School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, 6010, Australia.
Sports Med. 2023 Dec;53(Suppl 1):15-24. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01875-4. Epub 2023 Jun 26.
Vitamins and minerals are of fundamental importance to numerous human functions that are essential to optimise athlete performance. Athletes incur a high turnover of key vitamins and minerals and are therefore dependent on sufficient energy intake to replenish nutrient stores. However, many athletes are poor at servicing their energy replenishment needs, especially female athletes, and although a 'food first approach' to meeting nutrient requirements is the primary goal, it may be important for some athletes to consider a vitamin and/or mineral supplement to meet their daily needs. When working to determine if an athlete requires vitamin or mineral supplements, practitioners should use a robust framework to assess the overall energy requirements, current dietary practices and the biological and clinical status of their athletes. Of note, any supplementation plan should account for the various factors that may impact the efficacy of the approach (e.g. athlete sex, the nutrient recommended dietary intake, supplement dose/timing, co-consumption of other foods and any food-drug interactions). Importantly, there are numerous vitamins and minerals of key importance to athletes, each having specific relevance to certain situations (e.g. iron and B vitamins are significant contributors to haematological adaptation, calcium and vitamin D are important to bone health and folate is important in the female athlete); therefore, the appropriate supplement for a given situation should be carefully considered and consumed with the goal to augment an athlete's diet.
维生素和矿物质对人体的许多功能至关重要，这些功能对优化运动员的表现至关重要。运动员会大量消耗关键的维生素和矿物质，因此依赖充足的能量摄入来补充营养储存。然而，许多运动员在满足能量补充需求方面做得很差，尤其是女运动员，尽管以“食物优先”的方法满足营养需求是首要目标，但对于一些运动员来说，考虑使用维生素和/或矿物质补充剂来满足他们的日常需求可能很重要。在努力确定运动员是否需要维生素或矿物质补充剂时，从业者应该使用一个强大的框架来评估运动员的总体能量需求、当前的饮食实践以及他们的运动员的生物和临床状况。值得注意的是，任何补充计划都应考虑可能影响方法效果的各种因素（例如运动员的性别、推荐的膳食营养素摄入量、补充剂剂量/时间、与其他食物的共同消费以及任何食物-药物相互作用）。重要的是，有许多对运动员至关重要的维生素和矿物质，每种物质在某些情况下都有特定的相关性（例如，铁和 B 族维生素对血液学适应有重要贡献，钙和维生素 D 对骨骼健康很重要，叶酸对女性运动员很重要）；因此，应仔细考虑并根据特定情况选择合适的补充剂，以补充运动员的饮食。
