Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool,United Kingdom.
School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews,United Kingdom.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2022 Mar 12;32(5):371-386. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0335. Print 2022 Sep 1.
The term "food first" has been widely accepted as the preferred strategy within sport nutrition, although there is no agreed definition of this and often limited consideration of the implications. We propose that food first should mean "where practically possible, nutrient provision should come from whole foods and drinks rather than from isolated food components or dietary supplements." There are many reasons to commend a food first strategy, including the risk of supplement contamination resulting in anti-doping violations. However, a few supplements can enhance health and/or performance, and therefore a food only approach could be inappropriate. We propose six reasons why a food only approach may not always be optimal for athletes: (a) some nutrients are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities in the diet, or may require excessive energy intake and/or consumption of other nutrients; (b) some nutrients are abundant only in foods athletes do not eat/like; (c) the nutrient content of some foods with established ergogenic benefits is highly variable; (d) concentrated doses of some nutrients are required to correct deficiencies and/or promote immune tolerance; (e) some foods may be difficult to consume immediately before, during or immediately after exercise; and (f) tested supplements could help where there are concerns about food hygiene or contamination. In these situations, it is acceptable for the athlete to consider sports supplements providing that a comprehensive risk minimization strategy is implemented. As a consequence, it is important to stress that the correct terminology should be "food first but not always food only."
“食物优先”一词已被广泛接受为运动营养的首选策略，尽管对此没有达成共识的定义，而且通常对其含义的考虑也很有限。我们建议“食物优先”应该是指“在实际可行的情况下，营养素的供应应来自于完整的食物和饮料，而不是来自于分离的食物成分或膳食补充剂。”有很多理由支持食物优先的策略，包括补充剂污染导致违反反兴奋剂规定的风险。然而，一些补充剂可以增强健康和/或表现，因此只采用食物的方法可能并不合适。我们提出了六个原因，说明为什么只采用食物的方法可能并不总是对运动员最优的：（a）一些营养素在饮食中难以获得足够的数量，或者可能需要摄入过多的能量和/或其他营养素；（b）一些营养素只存在于运动员不食用/不喜欢的食物中；（c）一些具有已确立的促进作用的食物的营养素含量变化很大；（d）需要浓缩剂量的某些营养素来纠正缺乏症和/或促进免疫耐受；（e）一些食物可能难以在运动前、运动中和运动后立即食用；（f）经过测试的补充剂可以在存在食物卫生或污染问题时提供帮助。在这些情况下，运动员可以考虑使用运动补充剂，只要实施了全面的风险最小化策略。因此，重要的是要强调正确的术语应该是“食物优先，但不总是只采用食物”。
