Zhang Xue, Chen Fang, Sun Mingyue, Wu Nan, Liu Bin, Yi Xiangming, Ge Ruli, Fan Xueli
Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
Front Neurol. 2023 Jun 9;14:1157287. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1157287. eCollection 2023.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that commonly results in nontraumatic disability in young adults. The characteristic pathological hallmark of MS is damage to myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons. Microglia provide continuous surveillance in the CNS microenvironment and initiate defensive mechanisms to protect CNS tissue. Additionally, microglia participate in neurogenesis, synaptic refinement, and myelin pruning through the expression and release of different signaling factors. Continuous activation of microglia has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We first review the lifetime of microglia, including the origin, differentiation, development, and function of microglia. We then discuss microglia participate in the whole processes of remyelination and demyelination, microglial phenotypes in MS, and the NF-κB/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in microglia. The damage to regulatory signaling pathways may change the homeostasis of microglia, which would accelerate the progression of MS.
多发性硬化症（MS）是一种炎症性神经退行性疾病，通常导致年轻人出现非创伤性残疾。MS的特征性病理标志是髓鞘、少突胶质细胞和轴突受损。小胶质细胞在中枢神经系统微环境中持续进行监测，并启动防御机制以保护中枢神经系统组织。此外，小胶质细胞通过表达和释放不同的信号因子参与神经发生、突触细化和髓鞘修剪。小胶质细胞的持续激活与神经退行性疾病有关。我们首先回顾小胶质细胞的生命周期，包括小胶质细胞的起源、分化、发育和功能。然后我们讨论小胶质细胞参与再髓鞘化和脱髓鞘的全过程、MS中的小胶质细胞表型以及小胶质细胞中的NF-κB/PI3K-AKT信号通路。调节信号通路的损伤可能会改变小胶质细胞的稳态，从而加速MS的进展。
