Effects of the physical environment on children and families in hospital-based emergency departments: A systematic literature review.

Every year, millions of children seek care in emergency departments (EDs) for various conditions. Though the physical environment of the ED provides the context and setting for care delivery, influences workflows, and shapes interactions between users, the noisy, sterile, stimulating nature of the ED can be counter-therapeutic to pediatric patients and families. This systematic literature review investigates this complex dynamic and asks how the physical environment of emergency departments affects children and their families or guardians. Using PRISMA methods, this review searched four databases to identify and analyze twenty-one peer-reviewed articles that explored the impacts of the physical environment of hospital-based EDs on children or family members. Several themes emerged from the literature - concerning control, positive distractions, family and social supports, and designing for a safe and comfortable experience - that illustrate opportunities for future ED design and highlight knowledge gaps and avenues for future research.