Arnaud Elisa A, Gardiner Gillian E, Lawlor Peadar G
Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 County Cork, Ireland.
Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland.
Animals (Basel). 2023 Jun 15;13(12):1998. doi: 10.3390/ani13121998.
Weaning is a critical period in a pig's life. Piglets are confronted with abrupt changes to their physical and social environment, as well as management and nutritional changes. Weaning has always been associated with a growth check and is frequently accompanied by post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. However, rapid increases in litter size in the last decade have increased within-litter piglet weight variation, with piglets now generally lighter at weaning, making the challenges associated with weaning even greater. Many interventions can be employed during the suckling period to ease the weaning transition for piglets. Pre-weaning strategies such as supervised farrowing (assistance with suckling and oxytocin provision), the provision of pain relief to sows around farrowing, split-suckling, early oral supplementation with glucose, bovine colostrum, faecal microbiota transplantation, feed additives and solid and liquid creep feeding (milk and liquid feed) have all been investigated. The objective of these strategies is to stimulate earlier maturation of the digestive tract, improve immunity, reduce latency to the first feed post-weaning and increase early post-weaning feed intake and growth. This review focuses in particular on: (1) pain relief provision to sows around farrowing, (2)split-suckling of piglets, (3) pre-weaning provision of supplementary milk and/or liquid feed, (4) other strategies to stimulate earlier enzyme production (e.g., enzyme supplementation), (5) other nutritional strategies to promote improved gut structure and function (e.g., L-glutamine supplementation), and (6) other strategies to modulate gut microbiota (e.g., probiotics and prebiotics). Correctly implementing these strategies can, not only increase post-weaning growth and reduce mortality, but also maximise lifetime growth in pigs.
断奶是仔猪生命中的一个关键时期。仔猪面临着身体和社会环境的突然变化，以及管理和营养方面的变化。断奶一直与生长停滞相关，并且仔猪断奶后腹泻也很常见。然而，在过去十年中，窝产仔数的快速增加加大了窝内仔猪体重的差异，现在仔猪断奶时普遍体重更轻，这使得与断奶相关的挑战更大。在哺乳期可以采取许多干预措施来缓解仔猪的断奶过渡。已经对诸如监督分娩（协助哺乳和提供催产素）、在分娩前后给母猪提供止痛措施、分批哺乳、早期口服补充葡萄糖、牛初乳、粪便微生物群移植、饲料添加剂以及固体和液体补饲（牛奶和液体饲料）等断奶前策略进行了研究。这些策略的目的是刺激消化道更早成熟，提高免疫力，减少断奶后首次采食的延迟时间，并增加断奶后早期的采食量和生长速度。本综述特别关注：（1）在分娩前后给母猪提供止痛措施；（2）仔猪的分批哺乳；（3）断奶前提供补充牛奶和/或液体饲料；（4）其他刺激更早产生酶的策略（例如补充酶）；（5）其他促进肠道结构和功能改善的营养策略（例如补充L-谷氨酰胺）；以及（6）其他调节肠道微生物群的策略（例如益生菌和益生元）。正确实施这些策略不仅可以提高断奶后的生长速度并降低死亡率，还可以使猪的终生生长最大化。
