Lai Ting-Yu, Ko Ying-Chieh, Chen Yu-Lian, Lin Su-Fang
Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
Biomedicines. 2023 Jun 15;11(6):1717. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11061717.
Identifying and treating tumors early is the key to secondary prevention in cancer control. At present, prevention of oral cancer is still challenging because the molecular drivers responsible for malignant transformation of the 11 clinically defined oral potentially malignant disorders are still unknown. In this review, we focused on studies that elucidate the epigenetic alterations demarcating malignant and nonmalignant epigenomes and prioritized findings from clinical samples. Head and neck included, the genomes of many cancer types are largely hypomethylated and accompanied by focal hypermethylation on certain specific regions. We revisited prior studies that demonstrated that sufficient uptake of folate, the primary dietary methyl donor, is associated with oral cancer reduction. As epigenetically driven phenotypic plasticity, a newly recognized hallmark of cancer, has been linked to tumor initiation, cell fate determination, and drug resistance, we discussed prior findings that might be associated with this hallmark, including gene clusters (11q13.3, 19q13.43, 20q11.2, 22q11-13) with great potential for oral cancer biomarkers, and successful examples in screening early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Although one-size-fits-all approaches have been shown to be ineffective in most cancer therapies, the rapid development of epigenome sequencing methods raises the possibility that this nonmutagenic approach may be an exception. Only time will tell.
早期识别和治疗肿瘤是癌症控制二级预防的关键。目前,口腔癌的预防仍然具有挑战性,因为导致11种临床定义的口腔潜在恶性疾病发生恶性转化的分子驱动因素尚不清楚。在本综述中,我们重点关注了阐明区分恶性和非恶性表观基因组的表观遗传改变的研究,并优先考虑了来自临床样本的研究结果。包括头颈部在内,许多癌症类型的基因组在很大程度上是低甲基化的,并伴有某些特定区域的局灶性高甲基化。我们回顾了先前的研究,这些研究表明,作为主要膳食甲基供体的叶酸的充分摄入与口腔癌发病率降低有关。由于表观遗传驱动的表型可塑性作为一种新认识到的癌症标志,已与肿瘤发生、细胞命运决定和耐药性相关联,我们讨论了可能与这一标志相关的先前研究结果,包括具有成为口腔癌生物标志物巨大潜力的基因簇(11q13.3、19q13.43、20q11.2、22q11 - 13),以及早期鼻咽癌筛查的成功案例。尽管在大多数癌症治疗中,一刀切的方法已被证明是无效的,但表观基因组测序方法的快速发展增加了这种非诱变方法可能成为例外的可能性。只有时间能证明一切。