Prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood.

Atherosclerosis begins in infancy, with fatty streaks appearing at the age of 3 years and fibrous plaques appearing during adolescence. Fatty streaks and fibrous plaques are related to serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, and systolic blood pressure levels. Children with elevated levels of cholesterol and blood pressure track (i.e., maintain elevated levels over time) and are candidates for premature coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease, especially if there is a positive family history of premature CVD. Screening for CVD risk factors in children is rapid, simple, inexpensive, and effective, with tremendous potential to prevent future adult CVD. At their annual physical examinations, children 5 years of age or older should have careful blood pressure measurements by two observers, and determinations of serum total cholesterol levels. Levels should be plotted on standard percentile grids (Figs. 5-7) in the child's permanent medical record. Those with persistently elevated levels of blood pressure and/or serum LDL-C require nonpharmacologic intervention initially, but may require antihypertensive or antilipid medication if unresponsive to behavioral modification for diet, physical activity, and cigarette smoking. Pediatric health professionals can play vital roles in primary prevention and reduction of adult CVD.