Institute of Urology and Clinical Oncology, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jun 7;24(12):9854. doi: 10.3390/ijms24129854.
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the most common types of malignant tumors of the urogenital system in adults. Globally, the incidence of BLCA is more than 500,000 new cases worldwide annually, and every year, the number of registered cases of BLCA increases noticeably. Currently, the diagnosis of BLCA is based on cystoscopy and cytological examination of urine and additional laboratory and instrumental studies. However, cystoscopy is an invasive study, and voided urine cytology has a low level of sensitivity, so there is a clear need to develop more reliable markers and test systems for detecting the disease with high sensitivity and specificity. Human body fluids (urine, serum, and plasma) are known to contain significant amounts of tumorigenic nucleic acids, circulating immune cells and proinflammatory mediators that can serve as noninvasive biomarkers, particularly useful for early cancer detection, follow-up of patients, and personalization of their treatment. The review describes the most significant advances in epigenetics of BLCA.
膀胱癌（BLCA）是成人泌尿生殖系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。全球范围内，BLCA 的年发病率超过 50 万例，每年 BLCA 的登记病例数明显增加。目前，BLCA 的诊断基于膀胱镜检查和尿液细胞学检查，以及其他实验室和仪器研究。然而，膀胱镜检查是一种有创性研究，而尿液细胞学检查的敏感性较低，因此显然需要开发更可靠的标志物和检测系统，以实现高灵敏度和特异性的疾病检测。众所周知，人体体液（尿液、血清和血浆）中含有大量致癌核酸、循环免疫细胞和促炎介质，可作为非侵入性生物标志物，特别有助于早期癌症检测、患者随访和治疗的个体化。本综述描述了 BLCA 表观遗传学的最重要进展。
