Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
Nutrients. 2023 Jun 8;15(12):2672. doi: 10.3390/nu15122672.
Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed.
我们的饮食发生了巨大变化。我们所食用的植物油中ω-6（ω-6）的含量不断增加，ω-3（ω-3）脂肪酸的含量不断减少，导致ω-3 和 ω-6 之间失去平衡。特别是，二十碳五烯酸（EPA）/花生四烯酸（AA）的比例似乎是这种失调的一个指标，其减少与代谢疾病（如糖尿病）的发展有关。因此，我们的目的是调查有关 ω-3 和 ω-6 脂肪酸对葡萄糖代谢影响的文献。我们讨论了来自临床前研究和临床试验的新证据。值得注意的是，出现了相互矛盾的结果。ω-3 的来源、样本量、种族、研究持续时间和食物烹饪方法可能是导致结果不一致的原因。高 EPA/AA 比例似乎是更好的血糖控制和减少炎症的有希望的指标。另一方面，亚油酸（LA）似乎也与 2 型糖尿病的发病率较低有关，尽管尚不清楚结果是否与 AA 产量减少有关，还是与其内在作用有关。需要更多来自多中心、前瞻性随机临床试验的数据。
