Laboratory of Microbial Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CampinaEs, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2023;1412:197-209. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_10.
COVID-19 stands for Corona Virus Disease 2019, which starts as a viral infection that provokes illness with different symptoms and severity. The infected individuals can be asymptomatic or present with mild, moderate, severe, and critical illness with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute cardiac injury, and multiorgan failure. When the virus enters the cells, it replicates and provokes responses. Most diseased individuals resolve the problems in a short time but unfortunately, some may die, and almost 3 years after the first reported cases, COVID-19 still kills thousands per day worldwide. One of the problems in not curing the viral infection is that the virus passes by undetected in cells. This can be caused by the lack of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that start an orchestrated immune response, such as activation of type 1 interferons (IFNs), inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antiviral defenses. Before all of these events can happen, the virus uses the infected cells and numerous small molecules as sources of energy and building blocks for newly synthesized viral nanoparticles that travel to and infect other host cells. Therefore, studying the cell metabolome and metabolomic changes in biofluids might give insights into the state of the viral infection, viral loads, and defense response. NMR-metabolomics can help in solving the real-time host interactions by monitoring concentration changes in metabolites. This chapter addresses the state of the art of COVIDomics by NMR analyses and presents exemplified biomolecules identified in different world regions and gravities of illness as potential biomarkers.
COVID-19 代表 2019 年冠状病毒病，它始于一种病毒性感染，引发具有不同症状和严重程度的疾病。受感染的个体可能无症状，也可能出现轻度、中度、重度和危重症，伴有急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)、急性心脏损伤和多器官衰竭。当病毒进入细胞时，它会复制并引发反应。大多数患病个体在短时间内解决问题，但不幸的是，一些人可能会死亡，而且在首例报告病例发生近 3 年后，COVID-19 每天仍在全球造成数千人死亡。未能治愈病毒感染的一个问题是病毒在细胞中未被检测到就通过了。这可能是由于缺乏病原体相关分子模式 (PAMPs) 引起的，这些模式启动了协调一致的免疫反应，例如 1 型干扰素 (IFN)、炎症细胞因子、趋化因子和抗病毒防御的激活。在所有这些事件发生之前，病毒会利用受感染的细胞和众多小分子作为能量来源和新合成的病毒纳米颗粒的构建块，这些纳米颗粒会传播并感染其他宿主细胞。因此，研究细胞代谢组和生物流体中的代谢组学变化可能有助于深入了解病毒感染状态、病毒载量和防御反应。NMR 代谢组学可以通过监测代谢物浓度变化来帮助实时监测宿主相互作用。本章通过 NMR 分析介绍 COVID-omics 的最新进展，并提出了在不同世界区域和疾病严重程度下确定的潜在生物标志物的示例生物分子。
