Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2023 Oct 1;237:115500. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115500. Epub 2023 Jun 26.
On-site analytical techniques continue being developed with advances in modern technology. To demonstrate the applicability of four-dimensional printing (4DP) technologies in the direct fabrication of stimuli-responsive analytical devices for on-site determination of urea and glucose, we used digital light processing three-dimensional printing (3DP) and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA)-incorporated photocurable resins to fabricate all-in-one needle panel meters. When adding a sample having a value of pH above the pK of CEA (ca. 4.6-5.0) into the fabricated needle panel meter, the [H]-responsive layer of the needle, printed using the CEA-incorporated photocurable resins, swelled as a result of electrostatic repulsion among the dissociated carboxyl groups of the copolymer, leading to [H]-dependent bending of the needle. When coupled with a derivatization reaction (urease-mediated hydrolysis of urea to decrease [H]; glucose oxidase-mediated oxidization of glucose to increase [H]), the bending of the needle allowed reliable quantification of urea or glucose when referencing pre-calibrated concentration scales. After method optimization, the method's detection limits for urea and glucose were 4.9 and 7.0 μM, respectively, within a working concentration range from 0.1 to 10 mM. We verified the reliability of this analytical method by determining the concentrations of urea and glucose in samples of human urine, fetal bovine serum, and rat plasma with spike analyses and comparing the results with those obtained using commercial assay kits. Our results confirm that 4DP technologies can allow the direct fabrication of stimuli-responsive devices for quantitative chemical analysis, and that they can advance the development and applicability of 3DP-enabling analytical methods.
现场分析技术随着现代技术的进步不断发展。为了展示 4D 打印（4DP）技术在直接制造刺激响应分析装置方面的适用性，用于现场测定尿素和葡萄糖，我们使用数字光处理 3D 打印（3DP）和 2-羧乙基丙烯酰胺（CEA）掺入光固化树脂来制造一体式针面板仪表。当将具有高于 CEA 的 pK 值（约 4.6-5.0）的 pH 值的样品添加到制造的针面板仪表中时，使用 CEA 掺入的光固化树脂打印的针的[H]-响应层由于共聚物解离的羧基之间的静电排斥而膨胀，导致针的[H]-依赖性弯曲。当与衍生化反应（脲酶介导的尿素水解以降低[H]；葡萄糖氧化酶介导的葡萄糖氧化以增加[H]）偶联时，针的弯曲允许在参考预校准浓度刻度时可靠地定量尿素或葡萄糖。在方法优化后，该方法对尿素和葡萄糖的检测限分别为 4.9 和 7.0 μM，工作浓度范围为 0.1 至 10 mM。我们通过使用商业测定试剂盒进行加标分析并比较结果，验证了该分析方法的可靠性，以确定人尿、胎牛血清和大鼠血浆样品中尿素和葡萄糖的浓度。我们的结果证实，4DP 技术可用于直接制造用于定量化学分析的刺激响应装置，并可推进 3DP 使能分析方法的发展和适用性。
