Fouillet Hélène, Dussiot Alison, Perraud Elie, Wang Juhui, Huneau Jean-François, Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle, Mariotti François
Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
Université Sorbonne Paris Nord and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), F-93017, Bobigny, France.
Front Nutr. 2023 Jun 15;10:1178121. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1178121. eCollection 2023.
Animal and plant protein sources have contrasting relationships with nutrient adequacy and long-term health, and their adequate ratio is highly debated.
We aimed to explore how the percentage of plant protein in the diet (%PP) relates to nutrient adequacy and long-term health but also to environmental pressures, to determine the adequate and potentially optimal %PP values.
Observed diets were extracted from the dietary intakes of French adults (INCA3, n = 1,125). Using reference values for nutrients and disease burden risks for foods, we modeled diets with graded %PP values that simultaneously ensure nutrient adequacy, minimize long-term health risks and preserve at best dietary habits. This multi-criteria diet optimization was conducted in a hierarchical manner, giving priority to long-term health over diet proximity, under the constraints of ensuring nutrient adequacy and food cultural acceptability. We explored the tensions between objectives and identified the most critical nutrients and influential constraints by sensitivity analysis. Finally, environmental pressures related to the modeled diets were estimated using the AGRIBALYSE database.
We find that nutrient-adequate diets must fall within the ~15-80% %PP range, a slightly wider range being nevertheless identifiable by waiving the food acceptability constraints. Fully healthy diets, also achieving the minimum-risk exposure levels for both unhealthy and healthy foods, must fall within the 25-70% %PP range. All of these healthy diets were very distant from current typical diet. Those with higher %PP had lower environmental impacts, notably on climate change and land use, while being as far from current diet.
There is no single optimal %PP value when considering only nutrition and health, but high %PP diets are more sustainable. For %PP > 80%, nutrient fortification/supplementation and/or new foods are required.
动植物蛋白来源与营养充足和长期健康的关系存在差异，其适当比例备受争议。
我们旨在探讨饮食中植物蛋白的百分比（%PP）如何与营养充足、长期健康相关，同时也与环境压力相关，以确定适当的和潜在的最佳%PP值。
从法国成年人的饮食摄入量（INCA3，n = 1125）中提取观察到的饮食。利用营养素参考值和食物的疾病负担风险，我们对具有分级%PP值的饮食进行建模，这些饮食能同时确保营养充足、将长期健康风险降至最低并尽可能保留饮食习惯。这种多标准饮食优化以分层方式进行，在确保营养充足和食物文化可接受性的约束下，优先考虑长期健康而非饮食接近度。我们通过敏感性分析探讨了目标之间的矛盾，并确定了最关键的营养素和有影响力的约束因素。最后，使用AGRI-BALYSE数据库估计与建模饮食相关的环境压力。
我们发现营养充足的饮食必须落在约15 - 80% %PP范围内，不过通过放弃食物可接受性约束可以确定一个稍宽的范围。完全健康的饮食，同时达到不健康和健康食物的最低风险暴露水平，必须落在25 - 70% %PP范围内。所有这些健康饮食与当前典型饮食有很大差异。%PP较高的饮食对环境的影响较小，尤其是在气候变化和土地利用方面，同时与当前饮食差异也很大。
仅考虑营养和健康时，不存在单一的最佳%PP值，但高%PP饮食更具可持续性。对于%PP > 80%，需要进行营养强化/补充和/或新食物。
