Institute of Experimental Psychology, Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
BMC Psychol. 2023 Jul 4;11(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s40359-023-01237-9.
Although most retirees are satisfied, some do not feel well in retirement. The resource-based dynamic perspective explains retirement dissatisfaction as the lack of resources. This study focused on psychological resources, specifically on the role of rational/irrational beliefs and retirement concepts in retirement satisfaction. While irrational beliefs have many consequences, we know little about their role in retirement experiences, nor do we know about the benefits/harm of retirement concepts for retirement satisfaction. We assumed that not succumbing to irrational beliefs and conceptualizing retirement actively and positively add to psychological resources helping to adjust to retirement and retirement satisfaction. Our objective was to examine whether irrational beliefs and retirement concepts contributed to satisfaction or dissatisfaction in recent retirees.
200 recent retirees (average retirement time 2.8 years) completed questionnaires containing the Irrational Belief Scale, the Satisfaction with Retirement Scale, and the Retirement Lifestyles Questionnaire, which determines the inclination toward four retirement concepts: Transition to Old Age, New Start, Continuation, and Imposed Disruption. The Pearson correlation coefficients were used to estimate the relationship between irrational beliefs, retirement concepts, and retirement satisfaction. We used a parallel mediation model with multiple mediators in the mediation analysis where irrational beliefs were the independent variable, retirement satisfaction was the dependent variable, and the four retirement concepts were mediators.
We confirmed higher retirement satisfaction in recent retirees who conceptualize retirement as a New Start and Continuation and higher retirement dissatisfaction in those who see retirement as an Imposed Disruption or Transition to Old Age. The general irrational beliefs had a weaker direct impact on retirement satisfaction than the more specific retirement concepts. Inclination to general irrational beliefs appeared only weakly reflected in retirement dissatisfaction. However, a negative view of retirement as an imposed disruption might increase this inclination by intensifying retirement dissatisfaction.
Our results show a negative retirement concept as an imposed disruptive event that amplifies the impact of general irrational beliefs and leads to retirement dissatisfaction in recent retirees. It suggests that using rational-emotive behavior therapy and interventions to change the negative perception of retirement could be effective in increasing retirement satisfaction.
尽管大多数退休人员感到满意，但也有一些人退休后感觉不适。基于资源的动态观点将退休不满解释为资源的缺乏。本研究专注于心理资源，特别是理性/非理性信念和退休观念在退休满意度中的作用。虽然非理性信念有许多后果，但我们对它们在退休经历中的作用知之甚少，也不知道退休观念对退休满意度的利弊。我们假设，不屈服于非理性信念，积极主动地概念化退休，会增加有助于适应退休和退休满意度的心理资源。我们的目的是检验非理性信念和退休观念是否有助于最近退休人员的满意度或不满。
200 名最近退休的人员（平均退休时间为 2.8 年）完成了问卷，其中包括非理性信念量表、退休满意度量表和退休生活方式问卷，该问卷确定了对四种退休观念的倾向：向老年过渡、新起点、延续和强制中断。使用皮尔逊相关系数来估计非理性信念、退休观念和退休满意度之间的关系。我们在中介分析中使用了平行中介模型，其中非理性信念是自变量，退休满意度是因变量，四个退休观念是中介。
我们确认了最近退休人员中退休观念为新起点和延续的退休满意度较高，而退休观念为强制中断或向老年过渡的退休满意度较低。一般的非理性信念对退休满意度的直接影响比更具体的退休观念弱。对一般非理性信念的倾向仅在退休不满中微弱地反映出来。然而，对退休的消极看法，即视为一种强制性的中断，可能会通过加剧退休不满来增强这种倾向。
我们的结果显示，消极的退休观念是一种强制性的破坏性事件，会放大一般非理性信念的影响，导致最近退休人员的退休不满。这表明，使用理性情绪行为疗法和干预措施来改变对退休的消极看法，可能会有效地提高退休满意度。
