University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.
Environ Int. 2023 Aug;178:107957. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107957. Epub 2023 May 11.
Monitoring methodologies reflecting the long-term quality and contamination of surface waters are needed to obtain a representative picture of pollution and identify risk drivers. This study sets a baseline for characterizing chemical pollution in the Danube River using an innovative approach, combining continuous three-months use of passive sampling technology with comprehensive chemical (747 chemicals) and bioanalytical (seven in vitro bioassays) assessment during the Joint Danube Survey (JDS4). This is one of the world's largest investigative surface-water monitoring efforts in the longest river in the European Union, which water after riverbank filtration is broadly used for drinking water production. Two types of passive samplers, silicone rubber (SR) sheets for hydrophobic compounds and AttractSPE HLB disks for hydrophilic compounds, were deployed at nine sites for approximately 100 days. The Danube River pollution was dominated by industrial compounds in SR samplers and by industrial compounds together with pharmaceuticals and personal care products in HLB samplers. Comparison of the Estimated Environmental Concentrations with Predicted No-Effect Concentrations revealed that at the studied sites, at least one (SR) and 4-7 (HLB) compound(s) exceeded the risk quotient of 1. We also detected AhR-mediated activity, oxidative stress response, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated activity, estrogenic, androgenic, and anti-androgenic activities using in vitro bioassays. A significant portion of the AhR-mediated and estrogenic activities could be explained by detected analytes at several sites, while for the other bioassays and other sites, much of the activity remained unexplained. The effect-based trigger values for estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities were exceeded at some sites. The identified drivers of mixture in vitro effects deserve further attention in ecotoxicological and environmental pollution research. This novel approach using long-term passive sampling provides a representative benchmark of pollution and effect potentials of chemical mixtures for future water quality monitoring of the Danube River and other large water bodies.
需要监测方法来反映地表水的长期质量和污染情况，以便全面了解污染情况并确定风险驱动因素。本研究采用创新方法，在多瑙河联合调查（JDS4）期间，结合连续三个月使用被动采样技术以及全面的化学（747 种化学品）和生物分析（七种体外生物测定）评估，为描述多瑙河的化学污染情况建立了基线。这是世界上最大的针对欧盟最长河流的地表水监测调查之一，该河的河水经过河岸过滤后被广泛用于饮用水生产。在九个地点部署了两种类型的被动采样器，用于疏水性化合物的硅橡胶（SR）片和用于亲水性化合物的 AttractSPE HLB 圆盘，使用时间约为 100 天。多瑙河污染主要由 SR 采样器中的工业化合物以及 HLB 采样器中的工业化合物以及药物和个人护理产品造成。与预测无影响浓度相比，估算的环境浓度表明，在所研究的地点，至少有一种（SR）和 4-7 种（HLB）化合物（s）超过了风险商数 1。我们还使用体外生物测定法检测到了 AhR 介导的活性、氧化应激反应、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 γ 介导的活性、雌激素、雄激素和抗雄激素活性。在多个地点检测到的分析物可以解释 AhR 介导和雌激素活性的很大一部分，而对于其他生物测定法和其他地点，大部分活性仍然无法解释。一些地点的雌激素和抗雄激素活性的基于效应的触发值被超过。混合物的体外效应的确定驱动因素在生态毒理学和环境污染研究中值得进一步关注。这种使用长期被动采样的新方法为多瑙河和其他大型水体的未来水质监测提供了具有代表性的污染和化学混合物效应潜力基准。
