Momen Ali, de Visser Ewart J, Fraune Marlena R, Madison Anna, Rueben Matthew, Cooley Katrina, Tossell Chad C
United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, United States.
Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States.
Front Psychol. 2023 Jun 20;14:1129369. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1129369. eCollection 2023.
The growing concern about the risk and safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has made it vital to understand driver trust and behavior when operating AVs. While research has uncovered human factors and design issues based on individual driver performance, there remains a lack of insight into how trust in automation evolves in groups of people who face risk and uncertainty while traveling in AVs. To this end, we conducted a naturalistic experiment with groups of participants who were encouraged to engage in conversation while riding a Tesla Model X on campus roads. Our methodology was uniquely suited to uncover these issues through naturalistic interaction by groups in the face of a risky driving context. Conversations were analyzed, revealing several themes pertaining to trust in automation: (1) collective risk perception, (2) experimenting with automation, (3) group sense-making, (4) human-automation interaction issues, and (5) benefits of automation. Our findings highlight the untested and experimental nature of AVs and confirm serious concerns about the safety and readiness of this technology for on-road use. The process of determining appropriate trust and reliance in AVs will therefore be essential for drivers and passengers to ensure the safe use of this experimental and continuously changing technology. Revealing insights into social group-vehicle interaction, our results speak to the potential dangers and ethical challenges with AVs as well as provide theoretical insights on group trust processes with advanced technology.
对自动驾驶汽车（AVs）风险与安全的日益关注，使得了解人们在操作自动驾驶汽车时的信任及行为变得至关重要。虽然已有研究基于个体驾驶员表现揭示了人为因素和设计问题，但对于在乘坐自动驾驶汽车时面临风险和不确定性的人群中，对自动化的信任是如何演变的，仍缺乏深入了解。为此，我们对几组参与者进行了一项自然主义实验，鼓励他们在校园道路上乘坐特斯拉Model X时进行交谈。我们的方法特别适合通过群体在危险驾驶情境下的自然互动来揭示这些问题。对对话进行分析后，揭示了几个与对自动化的信任相关的主题：（1）集体风险感知，（2）对自动化的试验，（3）群体意义建构，（4）人机交互问题，以及（5）自动化的益处。我们的研究结果突出了自动驾驶汽车未经测试和实验的性质，并证实了对该技术用于道路使用的安全性和准备情况的严重担忧。因此，确定对自动驾驶汽车的适当信任和依赖程度的过程，对于驾驶员和乘客确保安全使用这一实验性且不断变化的技术至关重要。我们的研究结果揭示了社会群体与车辆交互的见解，阐述了自动驾驶汽车潜在的危险和伦理挑战，并提供了关于群体对先进技术信任过程的理论见解。
