-methyladenosine modification changes during the recovery processes for Paulownia witches' broom disease under the methyl methanesulfonate treatment.

Phytoplasmas induce diseases in more than 1000 plant species and cause substantial ecological damage and economic losses, but the specific pathogenesis of phytoplasma has not yet been clarified. -methyladenosine (mA) is the most common internal modification of the eukaryotic Messenger RNA (mRNA). As one of the species susceptible to phytoplasma infection, the pathogenesis and mechanism of Paulownia has been extensively studied by scholars, but the mA transcriptome map of () has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of phytoplasma infection on mA modification of and obtained the whole transcriptome mA map in by mA-seq. The mA-seq results of Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB) disease and healthy samples indicate that PaWB infection increased the degree of mA modification of . The correlation analysis between the RNA-seq and mA-seq data detected that a total of 315 differentially methylated genes were predicted to be significantly differentially expressed at the transcriptome level. Moreover, the functions of PaWB-related genes were predicted by functional enrichment analysis, and two genes related to maintenance of the basic mechanism of stem cells in shoot apical meristem were discovered. One of the genes encodes the receptor protein kinase CLV2 (Paulownia_LG2G000076), and the other gene encodes the homeobox transcription factor STM (Paulownia_LG15G000976). In addition, genes F-box (Paulownia_LG17G000760) and MSH5 (Paulownia_LG8G001160) had exon skipping and mutually exclusive exon types of alternative splicing in PaWB-infected seedling treated with methyl methanesulfonate, and mA modification was found in mA-seq results. Moreover, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) verified that the alternative splicing of these two genes was associated with mA modification. This comprehensive map provides a solid foundation for revealing the potential function of the mRNA mA modification in the process of PaWB. In future studies, we plan to verify genes directly related to PaWB and methylation-related enzymes in Paulownia to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of PaWB caused by phytoplasma invasion.